Ozone, Resource and Water

California adopts comprehensive strategy to meet federal ozone standard over next 15 years

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 23, 2022

The California Air Resources Board today approved a statewide plan for attaining the federal health-based standard for ozone, typically experienced as smog. The 2022 State Implementation Plan Strategy identifies the state’s control strategy for meeting the federal 70 parts per billion, 8-hour ozone standard over the next 15 years.

Ozone

Ozone Standards California Pollution

CSIRO study finds ozone uptake in oceans much lower than previously thought

Green Car Congress

JULY 31, 2019

CSIRO scientists have developed a new way to account for ozone in computer simulations of the climate. This latest modeling shows that the oceans take much less ozone out of the atmosphere than previously thought. Ozone (O 3 ) is formed by reactions of chemicals such as nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds—i.e.,

Ozone

Ozone Climate Global Water

Study Finds Ozone, Nitrogen Change the Way Rising CO2 Affects Earths Water

Green Car Congress

JULY 10, 2009

Through a recent modeling experiment, a team of NASA-funded researchers have found that future concentrations of carbon dioxide and ozone in the atmosphere and of nitrogen in the soil are likely to have an important but overlooked effect on the cycling of water from sky to land to waterways. Credit: NASA. Click to enlarge.

Ozone

Ozone Water CO2 MIT

6PPD-quinone derived from tire debris is toxic to two trout species, not just coho salmon

Green Car Congress

MARCH 4, 2022

6PPD is an antioxidant and antiozonant that helps prevent the degradation and cracking of rubber compounds caused by exposure to oxygen, ozone and temperature fluctuation. They found that even small concentrations, such as those regularly occurring in surface waters after stormwater runoff events, were fatal to brook and rainbow trout.

Ozone

Ozone Canada Pollution Grant

Argonne researcher using hydrous ethanol as a dual fuel to lighten the carbon footprint of locomotives

Green Car Congress

APRIL 7, 2022

Hydrous ethanol (also sometimes known as azeotropic ethanol) typically ranges from 186 proof (93% ethanol, 7% water) to 192 proof (96% ethanol, 4% water). Earlier post.). It’s a good, fast way to adapt technology into an existing engine by manufacturing a retrofit kit that can be installed on current engines or on newer engines.

Carbon

Carbon Fuel Ozone Engine

Researchers discover that a ubiquitous tire rubber–derived chemical is killing coho salmon in urban waterways: 6PPD-quinone

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 4, 2020

Using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance, lead author Zhenyu Tian, a research scientist at the Center for Urban Waters at UW Tacoma, and colleagues explored the compounds associated with roadway runoff and TWP to search for toxic compounds. Ozone breaks the bonds holding the tire together.

Ozone

Ozone Washington Davis Universal

U Vienna team finds stable metabolized TWP-derived compounds with unknown toxicities in lettuce

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 29, 2022

Not only the parent compounds but also their transformation products, many of which are still unknown, may exert harmful effects on biota. Stephanie Castan, Anya Sherman, Ruoting Peng, Michael T. 2c05660.

Ozone

Ozone Austria Environment Emissions

Toyota Central R&D Labs develops new ferrihydrite material that effectively removes ozone from air

Green Car Congress

JULY 13, 2011

(Japan) report in the journal Angewandte Chemie the development of a mesoporous two-line ferrihydrite (2LFh)—ferrihydrite is a widespread mineral composed of iron, oxygen, and water—that could lead to a new generation of ozone filters in electrostatic devices and aircraft applications. removal; it showed about 95 % O 3.

Ozone

Ozone Toyota Pollution Suzuki

Study: 2/3 of aviation climate impact due to emissions other than CO2

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 6, 2020

Net positive RF (warming) contributions arise from CO 2 , water vapor, NO x , and soot emissions, and from contrail cirrus (consisting of linear contrails and the cirrus cloudiness arising from them). Negative RF (cooling) contributions arise from sulfate aerosol production. Net warming from contrail cirrus is a sum over the day/night cycle.

Climate

Climate Emissions CO2 Climate Change

Researchers Find That Stratospheric Ozone Depletion Reduces Southern Ocean Carbon Uptake

Green Car Congress

JULY 9, 2009

Researchers in France have found that ozone depletion above Antarctica has significantly reduced the Southern Ocean’s ability to absorb atmospheric CO 2 and has also accelerated acidification of southern polar waters, despite lesser CO 2 uptake. The results revealed that, between 1987 and 2004, around 2.3 Lenton, A., Tagliabue, and J.

Ozone

Ozone Carbon 2004 Climate

UNEP study: small number of measures targeting black carbon and tropospheric ozone could yield immediate climate benefits

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 22, 2011

Black carbon and tropospheric ozone are harmful air pollutants that also contribute to climate change. Reducing black carbon and tropospheric ozone now will slow the rate of climate change within the first half of this century, the study said.

Ozone

Ozone Climate Carbon Climate Change

Study Concludes Warming Climate Will Increase Ozone Levels in Major California Air Basins; Climate Change and Regional Air Quality Are Intertwined Problems

Green Car Congress

JULY 22, 2010

Illustration of projected ozone changes in the South Coast region due to climate change in 2050. Areas in orange and red could see ozone concentrations elevated by 9 to 18 parts per billion. We already know that climate change will bring us increased forest fires, shorter winters, hotter summers and impact our water supply.

Climate Change

Climate Change Ozone Climate California

PSI team develops web tool for consumers to compare environmental impact of passenger cars in detail

Green Car Congress

MAY 17, 2020

Depletion of fossil energy resources [kg oil-eq.]. Depletion of fresh water reserves [m 3 ]. Depletion of metal resources [kg iron-eq.]. Deterioration of the ozone layer [kg CFC-11-eq.]. Eutrophication of non-marine aquatic environments [kg N-eq.]. Eutrophication of non-marine aquatic environments [kg P-eq.].

Mariner

Mariner Climate Change DC Cars

German-Chilean consortium investigating new ways of reducing arsenic in copper concentrates: ReAK

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 3, 2022

However, this strategy will not remain feasible in the long term due to steadily increasing arsenic levels, notes the German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR). Previously, the fact that these compounds are water-soluble never presented any problems since the Atacama Desert is one of the driest regions in the world.

Chile

Chile Ozone Climate Change Water

Researchers Discover New Chemistry for Ozone Formation; Not Yet Monitored or Incorporated into Atmospheric Models

Green Car Congress

JULY 24, 2009

A) shows the base case peak concentrations for O 3 (ozone), ClNO and HCl in parts-per-billion by volume (ppbv). (B) Under extreme circumstances, this previously unknown chemistry could account for up to 40 parts per billion (ppb) of ozone; the current US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 8-hour average standard is 75 ppb.

Ozone

Ozone Pollution 2009 Coal

California 2017 GHG inventory shows 1.2% total drop from 2016; transportation sector emissions up 1%

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 14, 2019

The California Air Resources Board’s latest state inventory of greenhouse gas emissions shows that California’s GHG emissions continue to decrease. This is, however, the lowest growth rate over the past 4 years. 2017 GHG Emissions by Scoping Plan Sector and Sub-Sector Category. The inner ring shows the broad Scoping Plan sectors.

2017

2017 2016 Transportation Emissions

Renault makes public its lifecycle study of Fluence ICE vs Fluence EV

Green Car Congress

JULY 11, 2013

Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (kg Ethene equivalent). Quantifies the production of pollutant ozone (? to ozone layer), the results of the reaction of sunlight on NO x and volatile organic compounds. Abiotic Resource Depletion Potential (kg Sb equivalent). water, and non-renewable energies (crude oil, coal.)

Li-ion

Li-ion Gasoline-Electric Ozone Diesel

Study finds that environmental impact of corn-ethanol E85 is 23% to 33% higher than that of gasoline; environmental problem-shifting

Green Car Congress

MARCH 16, 2012

eutrophication; ET = ecological toxicity; FEC = fossil energy consumption; WU = water use; LO = land occupation; “The rest” includes acidification; smog formation; ozone layer depletion; and human health effects. Error bar shows regional variations for E85. GW = global warming; Eut. Credit: ACS, Yang et al. Click to enlarge.

Gasoline

Gasoline Water Emissions Minnesota

Study finds changes in the Arctic sea ice cover may be driving changes in atmospheric chemistry

Green Car Congress

MARCH 2, 2012

Bromine also can remove ozone from the lowest layer of the atmosphere, the troposphere. Despite ozone’s beneficial role blocking harmful radiation in the stratosphere, ground-level ozone is a harmful pollutant. Bromine then reacts with a gaseous form of mercury, turning it into a pollutant that falls to Earth’s surface.

Mercury

Mercury Ozone United Kingdom 2008

CICERO-led study finds global warming effect of leaked hydrogen almost 12x stronger than CO2

Green Car Congress

JUNE 12, 2023

Unlike exhaust from burning coal and gas that contains CO 2 , burning hydrogen emits only water vapor and oxygen. Hydrogen is not a greenhouse gas, but its chemical reactions in the atmosphere affect greenhouse gases such as methane, ozone, and stratospheric water vapor. —Dr Sand Resources Sand, M., Sand et al.

Hydrogen

Hydrogen Global Ozone CO2

NOAA Arctic Report Card finds Arctic entering into new phase: warmer, greener, and less ice

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 4, 2011

An international team of scientists who monitor the rapid changes in the Earth’s northern polar region say that the Arctic is entering a new state, one with warmer air and water temperatures, less summer sea ice and snow cover, and a changed ocean chemistry. With a greener and warmer Arctic, more development is likely.

Tundra

Tundra Ozone 2011 2006

UC Davis Begins $2.8M Studies on Impacts of Escaped Nitrogen

Green Car Congress

JUNE 13, 2009

But excess nitrogen is emitted from soils, seeps into groundwater and runs off into surface waters. Nitrogen runoff in bays and coastal areas, where it makes algae numbers spike then crash, drawing oxygen from the water and leading to dead zones—areas that cannot support finfish, shellfish or most other aquatic life. Tom Tomich.

Davis

Davis Escape Ozone California

US and UK researchers report direct measurement of key atmospheric reactant; more rapid formation of secondary aerosols

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 16, 2012

succeeded in isolating the simplest CI and reported direct kinetic measurements of its reactions with water, NO, NO 2 , and SO 2. Dr. George Marston from the University of Reading (UK) notes that: The Criegee intermediates (CIs) are central to understanding the reactions of ozone with unsaturated compounds. Welz et al. Savee, David L.

Ozone

Ozone Climate Change Climate 2012

Critical review finds actual measurement data on segments of natural gas lifecycle sparse or lacking

Green Car Congress

JULY 8, 2014

In their paper, published in the ACS journal Environmental Science & Technology , they make a number of recommendations to maximize the benefits and minimize the negative impacts of the natural gas resource. Between 2000 and 2011, the number of producing gas wells in the US increased by 50%, reaching 514,637. well production end-of-life.

Gas

Gas Oil-Sands Emissions Oil

California ARB and NOAA Collaborating in $20M Research on Interaction of Air Pollution and Climate Change; One Atmosphere Approach

Green Car Congress

MAY 28, 2010

The California Air Resources Board (ARB) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) are collaborating in the $20-million CalNex research project to examine the nexus between air pollution and climate change. The complex roles that ozone and aerosols play in the atmosphere provide examples of such trade-offs.

Climate Change

Climate Change Climate Pollution California

EPA Issues Proposed Endangerment Finding for Greenhouse Gases; Proposed Cause or Contribute Finding Identifies Motor Vehicles as Contributing Source

Green Car Congress

APRIL 17, 2009

Findings from a recent EPA study titled “Assessment of the Impacts of Global Change on Regional US Air Quality: A Synthesis of Climate Change Impacts on Ground-Level Ozone,” for example, suggest that climate change may lead to higher concentrations of ground-level ozone, a harmful pollutant.

EPA

EPA Climate Change Ozone Motor

NC State Researchers Developing Ozonolysis Pretreatment for Energy Grass Feedstocks

Green Car Congress

JULY 4, 2010

Researchers at North Carolina State University are developing an ozone-based pre-treatment technique (ozonolysis) to release sugars from the energy grass miscanthus for production into renewable fuels or chemicals with minimal generation of chemical waste streams and degradation of the carbohydrate components. García-Cubero et al.

Ozone

Ozone North Carolina Energy 2010

EPA Proposes Transport Rule to Cut Pollution from Power Plants in 31 States and DC; New Approach for Pollution Reduction

Green Car Congress

JULY 6, 2010

This proposal reduces emissions contributing to fine particle (PM 2.5 ) and ozone nonattainment that often travel across state lines. SO 2 and NO x react in the atmosphere to form fine particle pollution and ground-level ozone (smog), which are linked to widespread illnesses and premature deaths. NO x emissions would drop by 52%.

Pollution

Pollution EPA Transportation DC

Researchers measure reaction rates of second Criegee intermediate

Green Car Congress

APRIL 12, 2013

Because of the large concentration of water in Earth’s atmosphere, Criegee concentrations—and, hence, the tropospheric implications of all Criegee intermediate reactions—depend on knowing the rate constant for reaction with water. Rudolf Criegee, a German chemist, first proposed the mechanism of ozonolysis in the 1950s.

Water

Water Universal Ozone Insight

Cutting Non-CO2 Pollutants Can Delay Abrupt Climate Change; The Fast Action Climate Agenda

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 14, 2009

HFCs are powerful greenhouse gases originally developed as substitutes for ozone-depleting chemicals. A binding legal agreement exists that can cut HFCs now—the Montreal Protocol ozone treaty—and many alternatives to HFCs have already been developed and are waiting for the right regulatory incentive from the Montreal Protocol to be deployed.

Climate Change

Climate Change Climate Pollution Ozone

Research shows clean fuel-use for ships off California coast extremely effective in reducing sulfur dioxide pollution

Green Car Congress

MAY 16, 2011

Data collected during a major 2010 state-federal atmospheric research project show that the first-in-the-nation regulation requiring ocean-going vessels to use clean fuel when near the California coast has been extremely effective in reducing sulfur dioxide pollution from ships, according to the California Air Resources Board (ARB).

Pollution

Pollution California Clean Cleaning

UNEP Report Calls for More Sophisticated Approach to Developing Biofuels; Limitations of Current LCA Studies

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 19, 2009

Here, RME show advantages for primary energy and GHG, but disadvantages in terms of acidification, eutrophication and ozone depletion. There is an obvious link between environmental impacts estimated by life-cycle impact assessments and water quality problems described at the regional scale. Source: “Assessing Biofuels”.

Ozone

Ozone Water Emissions Oil

Study Finds Asian Monsoon Carries Pollution Into the Stratosphere

Green Car Congress

MARCH 27, 2010

This could explain satellite measurements showing high levels of stratospheric ozone, water vapor and other chemicals over Asia during summer. When sulfur rises into the stratosphere, it can lead to the creation of small particles called aerosols that are known to influence the ozone layer.

Pollution

Pollution Asia Indonesia Ozone

Study finds that cities with highly contiguous built-up areas have on average lower NO2 concentrations

Green Car Congress

MAY 8, 2011

It is also a precursor to the formation of ground-level ozone and particulate matter, and as a cause of acid rain. NO 2 is linked to numerous adverse health effects including lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and type 2 diabetes. Anti-leapfrogging policies may improve air quality. —Bechle et al. Bechle, Dylan B. Millet, Julian D.

Pollution

Pollution Ozone Minnesota Global

Study finds global rivers and streams emitting 3x IPCC estimates of the GHG N2O

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 22, 2010

This is especially the case for those draining nitrogen-enriched urbanized and agricultural watersheds, highlighting the importance of managing nitrogen before it reaches open water. Nitrous oxide is a potent greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change and stratospheric ozone destruction. Beaulieu et al. PNAS doi: 10.1073/pnas.1011464108.

New Hampshire

New Hampshire Global Climate Change Ozone

Harvard team finds that the phase of atmospheric secondary organic material affects chemical aging; may require revision of regional and global climate models

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 17, 2012

In a liquid phase, the organic materials would absorb other compounds such as ammonia or ozone very easily and then progress through a series of chemical changes (known as chemical aging) to form particles that reflect or absorb sunlight, or form clouds. The experiments at Harvard, using particles of ? In the atmosphere, the particles of ?-pinene

Climate

Climate Global Ozone Water

ARB Outfits Two Electric Vehicles to Measure Ground-Level GHG

Green Car Congress

JUNE 18, 2009

The California Air Resources Board has equipped two battery-powered electric vehicles to take ground level readings of greenhouse gases throughout the state. The zero-emission RAV 4s were given to ARB as part of a settlement agreement for air quality violations by Toyota.

Electric Vehicles

Electric Vehicles Vehicles Ozone Gas-Electric

Study Finds Controlling Soot May Be Fastest Method to Reduce Arctic Ice Loss and Global Warming; Second-Leading Cause of Global Warming After CO2

Green Car Congress

JULY 29, 2010

Warming of the air by any chemical, including soot, enhances natural surface emissions of water vapor [e.g., 1990; Anisimov, 2007] and chemical production of ozone in already-polluted locations [Jacobson, 2008b]. These three gases are all greenhouse gases, and ozone is a surface air pollutant. Dessler et al., Guenther et al.,

Global

Global Ozone CO2 Pollution

Calif. ARB releases GHG scoping plan update; more ZEVs, “LEV IV”, MD and HD regulations; ZEV for trucks; more LCFS

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 11, 2014

The California Air Resources Board released the draft proposed first update to the AB 32 Scoping Plan, which guides development and implementation of California’s greenhouse gas emission reduction programs. The Air Resources Board is required to update the Scoping Plan every five years. Transportation.

Transportation

Transportation Emissions California Ozone

PNNL team finds correlation between reaction mechanism for zeolite SCR catalyst for NOx aftertreatment and bacterial enzyme catalysis

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 11, 2013

Although the catalyst is in use, exactly how it converts NO x to nitrogen and water with the help of ammonia (urea) hasn’t been entirely clear. Recently, researchers have produced a new zeolite that is surprisingly stable and makes very little nitrous oxide from nitric oxide, a chemical that depletes ozone. Ja Hun Kwak, Jong H.

Li-ion

Li-ion Diesel 2013 Water

UN Review of Recent Climate Research Concludes That Impacts Of Climate Change Coming Faster Than Anticipated

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 25, 2009

Losses of tropical and temperate mountain glaciers affecting perhaps 20-25% of the human population in terms of drinking water, irrigation and hydro-power. The hole in the ozone layer has had a cooling effect on Antarctica, and is partly responsible for masking expected warming on the continent.

Climate Change

Climate Change Climate 2007 Ozone

Perspective: US Needs to Transition to Hydrous Ethanol as the Primary Renewable Transportation Fuel

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 30, 2009

The growth in hydrous ethanol, which uses a blend of 94-95% ethanol to 5-6% water, rapidly increased during the 1980s, with consumption peaking in 1989. water content in it and Gasoline C, or E25, which is a mixture of 75% Gasoline A and 25% in volume of anhydrous ethanol (AEAC) with a maximum of 0.4% 40 CFR § 80.27 40 CFR § 80.27(d)

Transportation

Transportation Fuel Renewable Gasoline-Electric

MECA report finds additional NOx emission reductions from new heavy-duty trucks achievable and cost-effective

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 5, 2020

NO x is a precursor for both ground level ozone and secondary PM 2.5 which are regulated under the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) because of their adverse effects on human health and the environment.

Emissions

Emissions Diesel Engine 2010

Study finds paved surfaces in Houston worsen air quality

Green Car Congress

JUNE 8, 2011

Houston, with a mix of petrochemical facilities, sprawling suburbs, and traffic jams that stretch for miles, has some of the highest levels of ground-level ozone and other air pollutants in the United States. The article is in press in the Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres , a publication of the American Geophysical Union.

Houston

Houston Pollution Wind 2000

California adopts comprehensive strategy to meet federal ozone standard over next 15 years

CSIRO study finds ozone uptake in oceans much lower than previously thought

Study Finds Ozone, Nitrogen Change the Way Rising CO2 Affects Earths Water

6PPD-quinone derived from tire debris is toxic to two trout species, not just coho salmon

Argonne researcher using hydrous ethanol as a dual fuel to lighten the carbon footprint of locomotives

Researchers discover that a ubiquitous tire rubber–derived chemical is killing coho salmon in urban waterways: 6PPD-quinone

U Vienna team finds stable metabolized TWP-derived compounds with unknown toxicities in lettuce

Toyota Central R&D Labs develops new ferrihydrite material that effectively removes ozone from air

Study: 2/3 of aviation climate impact due to emissions other than CO2

Researchers Find That Stratospheric Ozone Depletion Reduces Southern Ocean Carbon Uptake

UNEP study: small number of measures targeting black carbon and tropospheric ozone could yield immediate climate benefits

Study Concludes Warming Climate Will Increase Ozone Levels in Major California Air Basins; Climate Change and Regional Air Quality Are Intertwined Problems

PSI team develops web tool for consumers to compare environmental impact of passenger cars in detail

German-Chilean consortium investigating new ways of reducing arsenic in copper concentrates: ReAK

Researchers Discover New Chemistry for Ozone Formation; Not Yet Monitored or Incorporated into Atmospheric Models

California 2017 GHG inventory shows 1.2% total drop from 2016; transportation sector emissions up 1%

Renault makes public its lifecycle study of Fluence ICE vs Fluence EV

Study finds that environmental impact of corn-ethanol E85 is 23% to 33% higher than that of gasoline; environmental problem-shifting

Study finds changes in the Arctic sea ice cover may be driving changes in atmospheric chemistry

CICERO-led study finds global warming effect of leaked hydrogen almost 12x stronger than CO2

NOAA Arctic Report Card finds Arctic entering into new phase: warmer, greener, and less ice

UC Davis Begins $2.8M Studies on Impacts of Escaped Nitrogen

US and UK researchers report direct measurement of key atmospheric reactant; more rapid formation of secondary aerosols

Critical review finds actual measurement data on segments of natural gas lifecycle sparse or lacking

California ARB and NOAA Collaborating in $20M Research on Interaction of Air Pollution and Climate Change; One Atmosphere Approach

EPA Issues Proposed Endangerment Finding for Greenhouse Gases; Proposed Cause or Contribute Finding Identifies Motor Vehicles as Contributing Source

NC State Researchers Developing Ozonolysis Pretreatment for Energy Grass Feedstocks

EPA Proposes Transport Rule to Cut Pollution from Power Plants in 31 States and DC; New Approach for Pollution Reduction

Researchers measure reaction rates of second Criegee intermediate

Cutting Non-CO2 Pollutants Can Delay Abrupt Climate Change; The Fast Action Climate Agenda

Research shows clean fuel-use for ships off California coast extremely effective in reducing sulfur dioxide pollution

UNEP Report Calls for More Sophisticated Approach to Developing Biofuels; Limitations of Current LCA Studies

Study Finds Asian Monsoon Carries Pollution Into the Stratosphere

Study finds that cities with highly contiguous built-up areas have on average lower NO2 concentrations

Study finds global rivers and streams emitting 3x IPCC estimates of the GHG N2O

Harvard team finds that the phase of atmospheric secondary organic material affects chemical aging; may require revision of regional and global climate models

ARB Outfits Two Electric Vehicles to Measure Ground-Level GHG

Study Finds Controlling Soot May Be Fastest Method to Reduce Arctic Ice Loss and Global Warming; Second-Leading Cause of Global Warming After CO2

Calif. ARB releases GHG scoping plan update; more ZEVs, “LEV IV”, MD and HD regulations; ZEV for trucks; more LCFS

PNNL team finds correlation between reaction mechanism for zeolite SCR catalyst for NOx aftertreatment and bacterial enzyme catalysis

UN Review of Recent Climate Research Concludes That Impacts Of Climate Change Coming Faster Than Anticipated

Perspective: US Needs to Transition to Hydrous Ethanol as the Primary Renewable Transportation Fuel

MECA report finds additional NOx emission reductions from new heavy-duty trucks achievable and cost-effective

Study finds paved surfaces in Houston worsen air quality

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