Plugs and Cars

APRIL 18, 2007

ozone There are so many reasons ethanol shouldn't be priority #1 in America's quest for petroleum replacement. I blogged about this previously here. Yet another reason to think again about the ethanol craze in an article in today's LA Times. Of our "alternative fuel" options, only electricity can truly be made renewably (wind, solar, geothermal, small hydro), with no carbon or other noxious emissions. And only electric drive cars can operate truly zero-emission.

2007 100

2007 Ozone Wind Solar 100

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JANUARY 3, 2019

pollution is falling, harmful ground-level ozone pollution is on the rise, especially in large cities. Ozone is the main ingredient in smog and has been studied since it began choking cities in the US in the early 1950s. Ozone is formed through a series of chemical reactions, starting with the oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). There was so much particulate matter in Chinese cities that it stunted the ozone production.

2019 87

2019 Ozone Pollution Chinese 87

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OCTOBER 15, 2018

A research team in China conducted a longitudinal panel study among 43 non-smoking college students in Shanghai to explore the effects of personal ozone exposure on blood pressure (BP), vascular endothelial function, and the potential molecular mechanisms.

2018 89

2018 Personal Ozone China 89

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FEBRUARY 6, 2018

Ozone levels across much of North America and Europe dropped significantly between 2000 and 2014. People living in parts of southern Europe, South Korea and southern Japan and China also experienced more than 15 days a year of ozone levels above 70 ppb.

2018 110

2018 Ozone Colorado North America 110

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SEPTEMBER 4, 2018

In China, people breathe ozone-laden air two to six times more often than people in the United States, Europe, Japan, or South Korea, according to a new international study published in Environmental Science & Technology Letters. By one metric—total number of days with daily maximum average ozone values (8-hour average) greater than 70 ppb—China had twice as many high ozone days as Japan and South Korea, three times more than the United States, and six times more than Europe.

2018 71

2018 Ozone South Korea Los Angeles 71

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SEPTEMBER 5, 2011

USPresident Barack Obama has requested that the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) withdraw its Ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) rulemaking. The standards had been proposed for ground-level ozone in January 2010 with final standards expected to be released at the end of August the same year with provisions based on scientific evidence about [.].

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Ozone Obama EPA 2010 49

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OCTOBER 10, 2018

High levels of air pollutants, especially fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) and to a lesser extent, ozone, may be linked to a heightened risk of developing mouth cancer, suggests a study by a team of Taiwanese researchers. They drew on average levels of air pollutants (sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrogen monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and varying sizes of fine particulate matter), measured in 2009 at 66 air quality monitoring stations across Taiwan.

2018 79

2018 Ozone Taiwan Pollution 79

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NOVEMBER 7, 2017

Ozone pollution near Earth’s surface is one of the main ingredients of summertime smog. It is also not directly measurable from space due to the abundance of ozone higher in the atmosphere, which obscures measurements of surface ozone.

2017 78

2017 Ozone Insight Aura 78

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APRIL 26, 2011

Researchers at the University of Texas believe that the use of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles will increase ozone during night-time hours while decreasing ozone during the day. Ozone is formed as hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides react with sunlight as they are emitted into the air. Green cars Hybrid cars Latest news ozone ozone levels plug-in hybrid cars plug-in hybrid electric cars University of Texas

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Ozone 2011 Plug-in Electric Vehicles 50

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AUGUST 28, 2013

In-cylinder pressure (on the left) and heat release rate (on the right) as a function of the CAD and ozone concentration injected in the intake of the engine for PRF40. The results show that ozone seeding improves combustion and advances phasing. Now, researchers in France have added to that body of work by showing that ozone seeding in the intake of an HCCI engine can control HCCI combustion. Ozone was produced with an ozone generator.

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Ozone 2013 France Charging 85

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NOVEMBER 9, 2016

Researchers from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, the University of Colorado, Boulder and their colleagues have now shown that this changing global emissions map is creating more total tropospheric ozone worldwide compared to the amount of pollution being emitted, signaling an effect that could be difficult to reign in without strategic policy planning. Emissions are growing in places where there is a much greater effect on the formation of ozone.

2016 78

2016 Ozone North Carolina Asia 78

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MAY 17, 2018

Emissions of one of the chemicals most responsible for the Antarctic ozone hole are on the rise, despite an international treaty that required an end to its production in 2010, a new study by researchers at NOAA and their colleagues shows. Trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11) is the second-most abundant ozone-depleting gas in the atmosphere and a member of the family of chemicals most responsible for the giant hole in the ozone layer that forms over Antarctica each September.

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2018 Ozone 2002 Hawaii 64

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OCTOBER 1, 2015

issued its final rule revising the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for ground-level ozone to 70 parts per billion (ppb) from 75 ppb to protect public health. Ground-level ozone forms when nitrogen oxides (NO x ) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) react in the air. EPA examined nearly 2,300 studies in this review of the ozone standards including more than 1,000 new studies published since the last review of the standards in 2008.

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Ozone 2015 District of Columbia Standards 76

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AUGUST 7, 2014

Air pollution and ground-level ozone may worsen the impact that climate change is having on food crop production around the world, according to new research.

Climate Change 66

Climate Change Ozone 2014 Pollution 66

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JANUARY 21, 2010

A new international study suggests that springtime ozone levels above western North America are rising mainly because of air flowing eastward from the Pacific Ocean – a trend at its largest when the air originates in Asia. This could even make it difficult for the US to meet Clean Air Act standards for ozone pollution.

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Ozone North America Asia Pollution 37

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MAY 21, 2018

A long-term study of the health of Canadian children has found that exposure to ozone (O 3 ) at birth was associated with an 82% increased risk of developing asthma by age three. Our findings show that the hazard ratios for ozone measured at birth as a single pollutant showed statistically significant higher risks for development of asthma, allergic rhinitis and eczema.

2018 68

2018 Ozone Pollution San Diego 68

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JULY 7, 2017

The largest systematic study ever conducted of human volunteers exposed to ozone air pollution has found no evidence of effects on the heart in its healthy, older participants, but did find effects on the volunteers’ ability to breathe, even at low ambient levels.

2017 78

2017 Ozone San Francisco North Carolina 78

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AUGUST 12, 2016

Summertime ozone pollution levels in the northern Front Range periodically spike above 70 parts per billion (ppb), which is considered unhealthy—on average, 17 ppb of that ozone is produced locally. Colorado has been out of compliance with federal ozone standard since 2007.

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Denver 2016 Ozone Colorado 78

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NOVEMBER 13, 2016

A new statistical method developed by researchers at KAUST (King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Saudi Arabia) can detect abnormal ozone levels within large bodies of monitored data. The monitoring methods can quickly and accurately detect ozone anomalies—localized spikes in ozone concentration indicated by sensor data. Ozone is the reactive form of oxygen that contains three atoms per molecule (O 3 ) rather than the normal two.

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Saudi Arabia 2016 Ozone France 78

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OCTOBER 12, 2018

A team from Duke University in the US and University of York in the UK have utilized a novel method to estimate long-term ozone exposure and previously reported epidemiological results to quantify the health burden from long-term ozone exposure in three major regions of the world. Long-term ozone (O 3 ) exposure estimates from chemical transport models are frequently paired with exposure-response relationships from epidemiological studies to estimate associated health burdens.

2018 72

2018 Ozone 2015 China 72

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JULY 22, 2010

A new report released by the California Air Resources Board (ARB) has sent a stark warning on the effects of climate change on ozone levels in the state’s major air basins. According to scientists from the University of California at Davis and Berkeley, rising temperatures will increase ozone levels while peak concentrations of dangerous airborne [.].

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Ozone Davis 2010 Universal 40

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FEBRUARY 17, 2015

Although halogens released from long-lived anthropogenic substances, such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), are the principal cause of the recent depletion of stratospheric ozone, recent observations show that very short-lived substances (VSLS), with lifetimes generally under six months, are also an important source of stratospheric halogens. At present, naturally-emitted VSLS account for around 90% of the total ozone loss caused by VSLS in the lower stratosphere.

2015 78

2015 Ozone Climate 2011 78

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JULY 5, 2009

Researchers at the University of Pittsburgh have developed a fluorescent molecular probe that can selectively detect ozone—in preference to other reactive oxygen species—in both atmospheric and biological samples. Ground-level ozone exposure is a growing global health problem, especially in urban areas. Ground-level ozone is toxic and can damage the respiratory tract.

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Ozone 2009 Insight Universal 60

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APRIL 22, 2011

A study by researchers at the University of Texas found that in general, use of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) can lead to an increase in ozone during nighttime hours (due to decreased scavenging from both vehicles and EGU stacks) and a decrease in ozone during daytime hours. In addition, the study, published in the IOP journal Environmental Research Letters , found that charging plug-in vehicles at night could slightly reduce, on average, ozone.

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Ozone San Antonio Texas 2011 76

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JUNE 17, 2016

As California continues to reduce local sources of ozone, ozone entering the state from the Pacific makes up a larger fraction of measured ozone levels. Current ozone levels in the San Joaquin Valley are predominantly caused by local emissions, but as air quality standards become lower, any contribution from global ozone levels needs to be understood. An ozonesonde is a balloon which measures ozone from the surface to more than 10 kilometers above the ground.

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San Jose 2016 Fresno Ozone 60

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NOVEMBER 26, 2014

Counties where measured ozone is above proposed range of standards, based on 2011-2013 monitoring data. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is proposing tightening the ground-level 8-hour ozone (O 3 ) National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) to within a range of 65 to 70 parts per billion (ppb), while taking comments on a level as low as 60 ppb. EPA will issue final ozone standards by 1 October 2015.

2014 90

2014 Ozone 2015 Standards 90

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JULY 26, 2009

In the August issue of the American Thoracic Society’s American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine , it states that exposure to ozone at levels currently deemed safe by the NAAQS clean air standards can have a significant negative effect on lung function. The US Environmental Protection Agency established a primary eight-hour standard for ozone of 0.075 parts per million in March 2008.

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Ozone 2009 2008 Standards 34

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JANUARY 19, 2012

Extraordinarily cold temperatures in the stratosphere during the winter of 2010/2011 caused the most massive destruction of the ozone layer above the Arctic so far, according to a study by climate researchers at KIT (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology).

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Kits Ozone 2012 Climate 96

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SEPTEMBER 2, 2011

In a statement released this morning, President Barack Obama said he has requested that US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Administrator Lisa Jackson withdraw the agency’s draft Ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) rulemaking. In January 2010, EPA proposed strengthening the NAAQS for ground-level ozone, the main component of smog, and said it planned to issue final standards by 31 August 2010. Overview of January 2010 proposed revisions to ozone NAAQS.

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Ozone Obama 2011 EPA 85

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SEPTEMBER 16, 2009

The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) will reconsider the 2008 primary and secondary ozone standards. In 2008, EPA established a new primary 8-hour standard for ozone of 0.075 parts per million (ppm), and a new secondary standard set at a form and level identical to the new primary standard. The agency will propose any revisions to the ozone standards by December 2009 and will issue a final decision by August 2010.

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Ozone 2009 2008 Standards 71

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MAY 5, 2014

Ozone pollution across the continental United States will become far more difficult to keep in check as temperatures rise, according to new work led by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). The study shows that Americans face the risk of a 70% increase in unhealthy summertime ozone levels by 2050, assuming continued greenhouse gas emissions with resultant significant warming (IPCC Scenario A2 and RCP (Representative Concentration Pathway) 8.5.). Ozone formation.

2014 71

2014 Ozone Colorado Pollution 71

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JANUARY 14, 2015

BASF announced the commercial launch of PremAir NXT, a next-generation direct ozone reduction (DOR) catalytic coating technology for heat exchange surfaces such as radiators that can help automakers meet new US Tier 3 and California LEV III emissions reduction requirements. it converts ground-level ozone already in the air.

2015 80

2015 Ozone Fleet California 80

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SEPTEMBER 4, 2014

Ozone, the main component of smog, is a plant-damaging pollutant formed by emissions from vehicles, cooking stoves and other sources. New research shows that ozone pollution damaged millions of tons of wheat, rice, soybean and cotton crops in India in 2005. Surface ozone pollution in India damaged 6 million metric tons (6.7 Rising emissions are causing severe ozone pollution in some of India’s most populated regions. Smog in India.

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2005 2014 India Ozone 81

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JANUARY 21, 2010

Springtime ozone distributions for 1984, 1995–2008 in the mid-troposphere (3.0–8.0 Springtime ozone levels above western North America are rising primarily due to air flowing eastward from the Pacific Ocean, a trend that is largest when the air originates in Asia.

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North America Ozone Asia 2010 93

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MARCH 10, 2014

A study by an international team led by scientists at the University of East Anglia have identified four new man-made gases in the atmosphere, all of which are contributing to the destruction of the ozone layer. CFCs are the main cause of the hole in the ozone layer over Antarctica. The identification of these four new gases is very worrying as they will contribute to the destruction of the ozone layer.

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2014 Ozone 2010 2012 83

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FEBRUARY 1, 2013

Depletion of Antarctic ozone is a more important factor than increasing greenhouse gases in shifting the Southern Hemisphere jet stream in a southward direction, according to researchers at Penn State. According to Lee, based on modeling studies, both ozone depletion and greenhouse gas increase are thought to have contributed to the southward shift of the Southern Hemisphere jet stream, with the former having a greater impact.

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Ozone 2013 Wind Gas 90

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NOVEMBER 3, 2015

Some of the substitutes for ozone-damaging chemicals that being phased out worldwide under international agreements are themselves potent greenhouse gases and contribute to warming.

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2015 Ozone Colorado Gas 72

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JULY 13, 2011

Japan) report in the journal Angewandte Chemie the development of a mesoporous two-line ferrihydrite (2LFh)—ferrihydrite is a widespread mineral composed of iron, oxygen, and water—that could lead to a new generation of ozone filters in electrostatic devices and aircraft applications.

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Ozone 2011 Suzuki Pollution 99

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FEBRUARY 17, 2013

A team from Rice University and the Houston Fire Department EMS has found a direct correlation between out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCA) and levels of air pollution and ozone. Given that the American Lung Association has ranked Houston eighth in the United States for high-ozone days, Rice statisticians Katherine Ensor and Loren Raun, and David Persse, Houston Fire Department EMS physician director, set out to see if there is a link between ambient ozone levels and cardiac arrest.

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Houston Ozone 2013 Universal 80

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MARCH 11, 2013

Researchers from Rice University and the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) report in a paper in the journal Atmospheric Chemistry that particularly in Northeastern cities, ozone levels dropped even beyond what was anticipated by cutting emissions of NO x from 2002 to 2006. The study suggests the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model significantly under-predicted the reduction in ozone. How ozone responds to changes in NO x and hydrocarbons is a nonlinear chemistry.

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Ozone 2013 2002 2006 76

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MAY 5, 2015

VOCs and nitrogen oxides react with sunlight to form ground-level ozone, the main component of smog. The team also observed chemical transformations of the emissions from Decatur, including formation of new particles, nitric acid, peroxyacyl nitrates, aldehydes, ozone and sulfate aerosol. New airborne measurements downwind from an Archer Daniels Midland fuel ethanol plant in Decatur, Illinois, show that ethanol emissions are 30 times higher than government baseline estimates.

2015 71

2015 Ozone Colorado Illinois 71

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SEPTEMBER 3, 2011

The US Environmental Protection Agency announced that it is proposing to find that the San Joaquin Valley, and California’s South Coast and the Southeast Desert have failed to meet the 1-hour ozone standard by their required deadlines. Children and the elderly are most impacted by ozone pollution. The 1-hour ozone standard was superseded in 2005 by the health-based 8-hour ozone standard. In 1997, the EPA first established the 8-hour ozone standard (0.08

Ozone 68

Ozone 2011 Pollution 2005 68

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DECEMBER 12, 2009

The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has announced two final rules that will further reduce the availability and use of hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), which are primarily used as refrigerants and harm the ozone layer. A diminished ozone layer allows more radiation to reach the Earth’s surface, leading to serious health effects, such as skin cancer, cataracts, and weakened immune systems.

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Ozone 2009 2010 EPA 71