Coal, Gas-Electric and Hybrid

ICCT LCA study finds only battery and hydrogen fuel-cell EVs have potential to be very low-GHG passenger vehicle pathways

Green Car Congress

JULY 21, 2021

In addition to its regional and temporal scope, this study is distinct from earlier LCA literature in four key aspects: This study considers the lifetime average carbon intensity of the fuel and electricity mixes, including biofuels and biogas.

Hydrogen

Hydrogen Fuel Batteries Battery

ORNL study finds best current use of natural gas for cars is efficient production of electricity for EVs

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 24, 2014

However, they also noted, high PTW efficiencies and the moderate fuel economies of current compressed natural gas vehicles (CNGVs) make them a viable option as well. If CNG were to be eventually used in hybrids, the advantage of the electric generation/EV option shrinks. —Curran et al.

Gas-Electric

Gas-Electric Gas Fuel Economy PHEV

CMU study finds that coal retirement is needed for EVs to reduce air pollution

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 12, 2016

Electric vehicles charged in coal-heavy regions can create more human health and environmental damages from life cycle air emissions than gasoline vehicles, according to a new consequential life cycle analysis by researchers from Carnegie Mellon University.

Coal

Coal Pollution Grid Gasoline-Electric

Rice study finds using natural gas for electricity and heating, not transportation, more effective in reducing GHGs

Green Car Congress

MARCH 9, 2016

Rice University researchers have determined a more effective way to use natural gas to reduce climate-warming emissions would be in the replacement of existing coal-fired power plants and fuel-oil furnaces rather than burning it in cars and buses.

Gas-Electric

Gas-Electric Gas Transportation Coal

Hybrid Kinetic H600 microturbine range-extended electric vehicle concept runs 0-100 km/h in 2.9 seconds

Green Car Congress

MARCH 20, 2017

At the Geneva Auto Show, the China-based Hybrid Kinetic group unveiled the H600 microturbine range-extended electric vehicle sedan concept, produced together with its vehicle design and engineering partner, Pininfarina. seconds; the electric motors deliver combined maximum power of more than 600 kW.

Pininfarina

Pininfarina Concept Electric Vehicles Hybrid

Tsinghua University provincial-level lifecycle study finds fuel-cycle criteria pollutants of EVs in China could be up to 5x those of natural gas vehicles due to China’s coal-dominant power mix

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 12, 2013

In regions where the share of coal-based electricity is relatively low, EVs can achieve substantial GHG reduction, the team reports in a paper in the ACS journal Environmental Science & Technology. According to the 12 th Five-Year Plan of the China Coal Industry (2011?2015)

Coal

Coal Pollution China Gas

ArcelorMittal Europe to produce “green steel” starting in 2020

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 15, 2020

The strategy is centred around two main technology routes, as introduced in the first ArcelorMittal Europe climate action report published earlier this year: The use of hydrogen in DRI-EAF (Direct Reduced Iron - Electric Arc Furnace) and, also, the blast furnace. The expansion of its Smart Carbon route, also utilizing hydrogen.

Europe

Europe Green 2020 Hydrogen

Electric vs. Gasoline Cars: Uncovering the Real Climate Savior

The Truth About Cars

FEBRUARY 23, 2024

Photo credit: Nick Starichenko / Shutterstock.com Contrary to common misconceptions , electric vehicles (EVs) generally have a smaller carbon footprint compared to traditional gasoline cars. This advantage remains true even when considering the electricity utilized for charging EVs.

Gasoline-Electric

Gasoline-Electric Gasoline Climate EPA

DOE awarding $72M to 27 projects to develop and advance carbon capture technologies, including direct air capture

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 3, 2020

Under this cost-shared research and development (R&D), DOE is awarding $51 million to nine new projects for coal and natural gas power and industrial sources. This work will focus on designing a carbon capture system capable of capturing 50 to 70 percent of CO 2 emissions from blast furnace gas. LH CO 2 MENT Colorado Project.

Carbon

Carbon Coal Gas-Electric Gas

Modified SOFC anodes allow operation at lower temperatures with carbon-containing gases; potential for much more efficient and cleaner generation of electricity from coal

Green Car Congress

JUNE 25, 2011

gasified coal—by eliminating the coking problem. The resulting lower-temperature SOFCs could provide a cleaner, more efficient alternative to conventional power plants for generating electricity from coal reserves. An open access paper on their work was published 21 June in the journal Nature Communications.

Coal

Coal Carbon Cleaner Water

Argonne releases GREET 2020

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 10, 2020

Vehicle technologies include conventional internal combustion engines, hybrid-electric systems, battery-electric vehicles, and fuel-cell-electric vehicles. Fuel/energy options include petroleum fuels, natural gas-based fuels, biofuels, hydrogen, and electricity. CO 2 -derived ethanol.

2020

2020 Gas-Electric Lithium Ion Mariner

Lawrence Livermore publishes state-by-state energy/water Sankey diagrams

Green Car Congress

APRIL 20, 2018

LLNL worked with the US Department of Energy (DOE) and the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) to produce the atlas of hybrid energy/water Sankey diagrams for each of the states, such as the California estimated energy and water flow chart for 2010 (below). coal, natural gas, geothermal and nuclear) into electricity.

Water

Water Energy Coal Gas-Electric

UC Riverside opening Sustainable Integrated Grid Initiative; integration of solar energy, battery storage and electric and hybrid vehicles

Green Car Congress

MAY 15, 2014

Schematic of the “New Grid Testbed” components, including renewable energy generation, energy storage, smart distribution and electric transportation Click to enlarge. 27 electric vehicle charging stations. A UCR-owned and RTA-operated trolley bus that has been converted from diesel combustion to battery electric operation.

Grid

Grid Solar Energy Energy Storage

JEC updates well-to-wheels study on automotive fuels and powertrains; electro-mobility, natural gas and biofuels

Green Car Congress

MARCH 27, 2014

WTW energy expended and GHG emissions for conventional fuels ICE and hybrid vehicles shows the potential for improvement of conventional fuels and ICE based vehicles. It adds an assessment of electrically chargeable vehicle configurations, such as plug-in hybrid, range extended, battery and fuel-cell electric vehicles.

Gas

Gas Fuel Gas-Electric Gasoline-Electric

ExxonMobil Outlook: 35% growth in energy demand by 2040; hybrids to account for ~50% of new vehicle sales

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 15, 2013

By 2040, hybrids are expected to account for about 35% of the global light-duty vehicle fleet, up from less than 1% in 2010. Hybrids are expected to account for about half of global new-car sales by 2040. The growth reflects an expected 90% increase in electricity use, led by developing countries where 1.3 Source: ExxonMobil.

Oil-Sands

Oil-Sands Energy Hybrid Sale

DOE awarding ~$44M to seven carbon capture projects

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 17, 2018

capture system at an existing coal-fueled generating unit. The objectives are to address concerns related to scale-up and integration of the technology in coal-based power plants. Membrane-Sorbent Hybrid System for Post-Combustion Carbon Capture TDA Research, Inc. Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. TDA Research, Inc.

Carbon

Carbon North Dakota Nebraska Coal

Lifecycle analysis finds Fischer-Tropsch diesel from coal and biomass with CCS can use less fossil energy than petroleum diesel, with GHG close to or below zero

Green Car Congress

MARCH 3, 2011

A new study by Michael Wang and Jeongwoo Han at Argonne National Laboratory and Xiaomin Xie at Shanghai Jiao Tong University assesses the effects of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology and cellulosic biomass and coal co-feeding in Fischer-Tropsch (FT) plants on energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of FT diesel (FTD).

Coal

Coal Diesel Energy Emissions

Swiss WTW study finds important role for alternative fuels as well as alt drivetrains in move to low-emissions vehicles

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 3, 2014

WTW energy demand and GHG emissions for EV and PHEV drivetrains for various electricity sources; gasoline ICE vehicle is solid square, hybrid the hollow square. First, it considers the performance of both mature and novel hydrogen production processes, multiple electricity generation pathways and several alternative drivetrains.

Alternative Fuels

Alternative Fuels Emissions Fuel Switzerland

What Are Zero Emission Day and National Drive Electric Week?

Blink Charging

SEPTEMBER 21, 2023

It’s also the kickoff to National Drive Electric Week which runs from September 22 – October 1, 2023. Let’s look at these two annual events and what they mean for current and future electric vehicle (EV) drivers. There are four guidelines to follow: Refrain from using or burning oil, gas or coal. of total U.S.

Emissions

Emissions Nashville Electric Electrical

EIA: light duty vehicle energy consumption to drop 25% by 2040; increased oil production, vehicle efficiency reduce US oil and liquid imports

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 16, 2013

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emission standards and CAFE standards increase new LDV fuel economy through model year 2025 and beyond, with more fuel-efficient new vehicles gradually replacing older vehicles on the road and raising the fuel efficiency of the LDV stock by an average of 2.0% per year, from 21.5 l/100 km) in 2012 to 37.2

Oil

Oil Light Energy Vehicles

BNEF: Oil price plunge to have only moderate impact on low-carbon electricity development, but likely to slow EV growth

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 22, 2014

The collapse in world oil prices in the second half of 2014 will have only a moderate impact on the fast-developing low-carbon transition in the world electricity system, according to research firm Bloomberg New Energy Finance. Saudi Arabia burns up to 900,000 barrels of oil per day to generate over 50% of its electricity.

Oil Prices

Oil Prices Oil Price Carbon

Univ of Toronto study details impacts of interaction between driving patterns and electricity generation for WTW energy use and GHG emissions for PHEVs

Green Car Congress

MAY 23, 2012

Patterned portions represent GHG emissions associated with electric propulsion. Solid left bar = hydro electricity scenario.) A new study by researchers at the University of Toronto examines the impact of the interaction between driving patterns (distance and conditions) and the mode of electricity generation (e.g.,

PHEV

PHEV C1 Emissions Coal

BP Energy Outlook: 30% growth in global demand to 2035; fuel demand continues to rise, even with EVs & fuel efficiency

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 25, 2017

While non-fossil fuels are expected to account for half of the growth in energy supplies over the next 20 years, the Outlook projects that oil and gas, together with coal, will remain the main source of energy powering the world economy, accounting for more than 75% of total energy supply in 2035, compared with 86% in 2015.

Global

Global Fuel Energy Oil

ExxonMobil projects 25% energy demand increase between 2014-2040, 50% decline in carbon intensity; hybrids to be 40% of new car sales

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 25, 2016

At the same time, energy efficiency gains and increased use of renewable energy sources and lower carbon fuels, such as natural gas, are expected to help reduce by half the carbon intensity of the global economy. The company forecasts modest gains for plug-in electric cars, with cost and functionality remaining barriers.

2014

2014 Carbon Energy Fuel Economy

National Research Council Report on Americas Energy Future Highlights Vehicle Efficiency Technologies, Conversion of Biomass and Coal-to-Liquids Fuels, and Electrifying the Light Duty Fleet with PHEVs, BEVs and FCVs

Green Car Congress

JULY 31, 2009

Developing technologies for the conversion of biomass and coal-to-liquid fuels. By 2035, cellulosic ethanol and/or coal-and-biomass-to-liquid (CBTL) fuels with carbon capture and storage could replace about 15% of current fuel consumption in the transportation sector (1.7–2.5 Click to enlarge. emissions, according to the report.

Coal

Coal Conversion Light Future

EIA Energy Outlook 2013 reference case sees drop in fossil fuel consumption as use of petroleum-based liquid fuels falls; projects 20% higher sales of hybrids and PHEVs than AEO2012

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 5, 2012

Increased sales for hybrids and PHEVs. Sales of battery-powered electric vehicles are 65% lower in the AEO2013 Reference case than the year before, with annual sales in 2035 estimated to be about 119,000. Reductions in battery electric vehicles are offset by increased sales of hybrid and plug-in hybrid vehicles, which grow to about 1.3

Fuel

Fuel Energy Sale 2013

Largest pilot plant for CO2-neutral production of hydrogen begins operation at voestalpine site in Linz

Green Car Congress

NOVEMBER 28, 2019

The heart of the plant is a Siemens Silyzer 300 powered by renewable electricity. voestalpine is currently investigating the practicality of a hybrid technology to bridge between the existing coke/coal-based blast furnace route and electric arc furnaces powered with green electricity partly generated using green hydrogen.

Hydrogen

Hydrogen Production CO2 Power Grid

EEA report: EVs are better for climate and air quality

Green Car Congress

NOVEMBER 26, 2018

Battery electric cars emit less greenhouse gases and air pollutants over their entire life cycle than petrol and diesel cars, according to a European Environment Agency (EEA) report. Emissions are usually higher in the production phase of electric cars, but these are more than offset by lower emissions in the use phase over time.

Climate

Climate Pollution Gasoline-Electric 2017

EIA projects decline in transportation sector energy consumption through 2037 despite increase in VMT, followed by increase

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 28, 2019

EIA’s Annual Energy Outlook 2019 projects continued robust growth in US energy production, emergence of the United States as an energy exporter, and a cleaner S electric power generation mix. However, US coal shipments, which are primarily via rail, decline slightly. trillion miles in 2018 to 3.5

Transportation

Transportation Energy Fuel Economy 2018

Obama sets goal of reducing US oil imports by 1/3 by 2025; domestic and Western Hemisphere production, natural gas, biofuels, electric vehicles, fleet purchases

Green Car Congress

MARCH 30, 2011

This includes almost 24 million inactive leased acres in the Gulf of Mexico, which potentially could hold more than 11 billion barrels of oil and 50 trillion cubic feet of natural gas. We’re also exploring and assessing new frontiers for oil and gas development from Alaska to the Mid- and South Atlantic. And we have to do it quickly.

Obama

Obama Oil Gas-Electric Purchase

Coal Into Cars: The Good, the Bad, the Ugly

Plugs and Cars

AUGUST 19, 2007

The Ugly Coal sucks, there's really no two ways about it. But not all use of coal is alike. The Good About half our electricity comes from coal, and that will change, at best, slowly as we move to renewables. That includes the worst, most coal dependent areas.

Coal

Coal Costa Rica Gasoline-Electric Cars

2016 Chevy Malibu Hybrid, VW Solid-State Batteries, Natural Gas Growth: Today's Car News

Green Car Reports

MARCH 25, 2015

Today we look at the powertrain of the upcoming 2016 Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid, Volkswagen''s interest in solid-state batteries for electric cars, and why natural gas is displacing coal in electricity generation. All this and more on Green Car Reports.

Malibu Hybrid

Malibu Hybrid 2016 Gas Hybrid

ExxonMobil predicts peak in light-duty vehicle liquid fuels ~2030, but ongoing role for oil in the mix

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 5, 2018

The Outlook predicts a rise in electric vehicles as well as efficiency improvements in conventional engines, both trends likely leading to a peak in liquid fuels use by the world’s light-duty vehicle fleet by 2030. increasing hybrids and electric vehicles) play a much smaller role in limiting energy demand for light-duty vehicles.

Light

Light Oil Fuel Vehicles

Consortium Seeks Stimulus Funding for DME-Electric Hybrid Buses

Green Car Congress

JUNE 15, 2009

A consortium is seeking US stimulus funding available through the Federal Transit Administration’s (FTA) Transit Investments for Greenhouse Gas and Energy Reduction (TIGGER) program to convert 20 hybrid diesel-electric buses to hybrid dimethyl-ether (DME)-electric propulsion. Tags: DME Heavy-duty Hybrids.

Stimulus

Stimulus Hybrid Low Cost Gas-Electric

President’s Jobs Council recommends an “All-in” energy strategy; from fossil fuels and pipelines, to efficiency, renewables and vehicle electrification

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 18, 2012

An all-in approach is imperative if we hope to reduce our reliance on foreign oil and create a more diverse electricity generation portfolio. The council recommended: Allowing more access to oil, natural gas and coal opportunities on federal lands. America must do likewise.

Renewable

Renewable Energy Fuel Coal

List of The Best 10 Alternative Fuels for Cars that Could Replace Gasoline

Get Electric Vehicle

JUNE 5, 2023

It takes really long to form fossil fuels They are air pollutants – Combustion of fossil fuels emits greenhouse gases causes air pollution Global warming – as a result of greenhouse gas emission, atmospheric temperature increases ( how? ). 6 Electricity Electric energy is another form of energy used in a vehicle.

Alternative Fuels

Alternative Fuels Gasoline Fuel Gasoline-Electric

Why Schools Should Electrify Their Bus Fleets

Blink Charging

SEPTEMBER 12, 2023

The transition away from gasoline and diesel vehicles to electric vehicles (EVs) is going full throttle in the United States, and that includes the iconic yellow school bus. Here are several reasons for school districts to switch to electric buses. The more vehicles that switch to running on electricity, the better.

Fleet

Fleet Pollution Diesel Ozone

IEA: carbon intensity of global energy supply has barely changed in last 20 years; “window of opportunity in transport”

Green Car Congress

APRIL 18, 2013

In a fairly bleak assessment of global progress towards low-carbon energy, the International Energy Agency (IEA) concluded that, despite a few bright spots such as the rapid expansion of renewable technologies and the growth of hybrid and EV sales, the progress is far below that required to achieve a 2 °C pathway—i.e., tCO 2 /toe).

Carbon

Carbon Supplies Global Transportation

MIT, Ford researchers find lightweight conventional vehicles could have lower lifecycle GHG impact than EVs depending upon location

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 28, 2019

Researchers at MIT and the Ford Motor Company have found that depending on the location, lightweight conventional vehicles could have a lower lifecycle greenhouse gas impact than electric vehicles, at least in the near term. Their paper is published in the ACS journal Environmental Science & Technology. —Wu et al.

MIT

MIT Ford Vehicles Gasoline-Electric

Chicago Area Clean Cities names American Lung Association 2017 Clean Fuels Champion

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 8, 2017

The American Lung Association oversees the Clean Air Choice program throughout the United States promoting alternative renewable fuels such as biodiesel and E85, partnering with fleets to replace legacy diesel engines, and by supporting the clean-air advantages of electric and hybrid vehicles. —Harold P. Upstream GHG emissions.

Chicago

Chicago Clean Cleaning 2017

DOE Coal FIRST Initiative invests $80M in net-zero carbon electricity and hydrogen plants

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 29, 2020

The US Department of Energy’s (DOE) Office of Fossil Energy (FE) has selected four projects for cost-shared research and development under the funding opportunity announcement (FOA), DE-FOA-0002180, Design Development and System Integration Design Studies for Coal FIRST Concepts.

Coal

Coal Carbon Hydrogen Nebraska

ExxonMobil: global GDP up ~140% by 2040, but energy demand ~35% due to efficiency; LDV energy demand to rise only slightly despite doubling parc

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 10, 2014

Across OECD nations, the Outlook assumes the implied cost of policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions will reach about $80 per tonne in 2040. Hybrid vehicles are projected to grow from 1% of new-car sales in 2010 to close to 50% of sales by 2040, making up about one-third of the global fleet at that time.

Energy

Energy Global 2010 Oil-Sands

EIA Energy Outlook 2011 more than doubles estimates of US shale gas resources; higher production at lower prices

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 17, 2010

Shale gas offsets declines in other US supply to meet. The Annual Energy Outlook 2011 (AEO2011) Reference case released yesterday by the US Energy Information Administration (EIA) more than doubles the technically recoverable US shale gas resources assumed in AEO2010 and added new shale oil resources. Source: EIA. Click to enlarge.

Gas

Gas 2011 Price Energy

UCS analysis finds Hyundai-Kia with best sales-weighted new vehicle environmental performance in US in 2013

Green Car Congress

MAY 27, 2014

For the first time since UCS began the Automaker Rankings report in 2000, all eight major automakers reduced their average greenhouse gas (GHG) and smog-forming emissions compared to their fleet averages from 1998, the model year examined in the first report. Climate Change Coal Emissions Fuel Efficiency'

2013

2013 Kia Hyundai Sale

ICCT LCA study finds only battery and hydrogen fuel-cell EVs have potential to be very low-GHG passenger vehicle pathways

ORNL study finds best current use of natural gas for cars is efficient production of electricity for EVs

CMU study finds that coal retirement is needed for EVs to reduce air pollution

Rice study finds using natural gas for electricity and heating, not transportation, more effective in reducing GHGs

Hybrid Kinetic H600 microturbine range-extended electric vehicle concept runs 0-100 km/h in 2.9 seconds

Tsinghua University provincial-level lifecycle study finds fuel-cycle criteria pollutants of EVs in China could be up to 5x those of natural gas vehicles due to China’s coal-dominant power mix

ArcelorMittal Europe to produce “green steel” starting in 2020

Electric vs. Gasoline Cars: Uncovering the Real Climate Savior

DOE awarding $72M to 27 projects to develop and advance carbon capture technologies, including direct air capture

Modified SOFC anodes allow operation at lower temperatures with carbon-containing gases; potential for much more efficient and cleaner generation of electricity from coal

Argonne releases GREET 2020

Lawrence Livermore publishes state-by-state energy/water Sankey diagrams

UC Riverside opening Sustainable Integrated Grid Initiative; integration of solar energy, battery storage and electric and hybrid vehicles

JEC updates well-to-wheels study on automotive fuels and powertrains; electro-mobility, natural gas and biofuels

ExxonMobil Outlook: 35% growth in energy demand by 2040; hybrids to account for ~50% of new vehicle sales

DOE awarding ~$44M to seven carbon capture projects

Lifecycle analysis finds Fischer-Tropsch diesel from coal and biomass with CCS can use less fossil energy than petroleum diesel, with GHG close to or below zero

Swiss WTW study finds important role for alternative fuels as well as alt drivetrains in move to low-emissions vehicles

What Are Zero Emission Day and National Drive Electric Week?

EIA: light duty vehicle energy consumption to drop 25% by 2040; increased oil production, vehicle efficiency reduce US oil and liquid imports

BNEF: Oil price plunge to have only moderate impact on low-carbon electricity development, but likely to slow EV growth

Univ of Toronto study details impacts of interaction between driving patterns and electricity generation for WTW energy use and GHG emissions for PHEVs

BP Energy Outlook: 30% growth in global demand to 2035; fuel demand continues to rise, even with EVs & fuel efficiency

ExxonMobil projects 25% energy demand increase between 2014-2040, 50% decline in carbon intensity; hybrids to be 40% of new car sales

National Research Council Report on Americas Energy Future Highlights Vehicle Efficiency Technologies, Conversion of Biomass and Coal-to-Liquids Fuels, and Electrifying the Light Duty Fleet with PHEVs, BEVs and FCVs

EIA Energy Outlook 2013 reference case sees drop in fossil fuel consumption as use of petroleum-based liquid fuels falls; projects 20% higher sales of hybrids and PHEVs than AEO2012

Largest pilot plant for CO2-neutral production of hydrogen begins operation at voestalpine site in Linz

EEA report: EVs are better for climate and air quality

EIA projects decline in transportation sector energy consumption through 2037 despite increase in VMT, followed by increase

Obama sets goal of reducing US oil imports by 1/3 by 2025; domestic and Western Hemisphere production, natural gas, biofuels, electric vehicles, fleet purchases

Coal Into Cars: The Good, the Bad, the Ugly

2016 Chevy Malibu Hybrid, VW Solid-State Batteries, Natural Gas Growth: Today's Car News

ExxonMobil predicts peak in light-duty vehicle liquid fuels ~2030, but ongoing role for oil in the mix

Consortium Seeks Stimulus Funding for DME-Electric Hybrid Buses

President’s Jobs Council recommends an “All-in” energy strategy; from fossil fuels and pipelines, to efficiency, renewables and vehicle electrification

List of The Best 10 Alternative Fuels for Cars that Could Replace Gasoline

Why Schools Should Electrify Their Bus Fleets

IEA: carbon intensity of global energy supply has barely changed in last 20 years; “window of opportunity in transport”

MIT, Ford researchers find lightweight conventional vehicles could have lower lifecycle GHG impact than EVs depending upon location

Chicago Area Clean Cities names American Lung Association 2017 Clean Fuels Champion

DOE Coal FIRST Initiative invests $80M in net-zero carbon electricity and hydrogen plants

ExxonMobil: global GDP up ~140% by 2040, but energy demand ~35% due to efficiency; LDV energy demand to rise only slightly despite doubling parc

EIA Energy Outlook 2011 more than doubles estimates of US shale gas resources; higher production at lower prices

UCS analysis finds Hyundai-Kia with best sales-weighted new vehicle environmental performance in US in 2013

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