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A study by a pair of researchers at Northwestern University found that when fuel prices drove residents of São Paulo, Brazil, to switch from ethanol to gasoline in their flexible-fuel vehicles, local ozone levels dropped 20%. At the same time, nitric oxide and carbon monoxide concentrations tended to go up.
A study by researchers at the University of Texas found that in general, use of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) can lead to an increase in ozone during nighttime hours (due to decreased scavenging from both vehicles and EGU stacks) and a decrease in ozone during daytime hours.
Environmental impacts of gasoline and E85. eutrophication; ET = ecological toxicity; FEC = fossil energy consumption; WU = water use; LO = land occupation; “The rest” includes acidification; smog formation; ozone layer depletion; and human health effects. Process flow diagrams for E85 and gasoline. GW = global warming; Eut.
A University of Utah engineer has developed an inexpensive new method to remove oil sheen by repeatedly pressurizing and depressurizing ozone gas, creating microscopic bubbles that attack the oil so it can be removed by sand filters. The ozone in the bubble attacks certain pollutants because it is a strong oxidant.
Renault’s comparison of the carbon footprint of EV and ICE vehicles over production, operation and end of life. dCi); gasoline Fluence 16V (1.6L); and the battery-electric Fluence Z.E. (22 Gasoline Fluence 16V. Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (kg Ethene equivalent). Quantifies the production of pollutant ozone (?
The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is issuing a proposed rule under the Clean Air Act (CAA) that would waive requirements beginning in 2013 for systems used at gas station pumps to capture potentially harmful gasoline vapors while refueling cars. Stage I VRS apply to the gasoline distribution industry; Stage II to service stations.
A study by a team of researchers from France and the US found that the origin of volatile hydrocarbons, other than methane, present in city air is mainly gasoline-powered vehicles. compounds containing 2-12 carbon atoms) are mainly produced by automobiles, a conclusion in line with previous findings.
Researchers from the University of Minnesota have produced a spatially and temporally explicit life cycle inventory (LCI) of air pollutants from gasoline, ethanol derived from corn grain, and ethanol from corn stover for the contiguous US (the lower 48 states). Credit: ACS, Tessum et al. Click to enlarge. the contiguous US).
There are widespread policy assumptions that the phase-out of gasoline and diesel internal combustion engines will over time lead to much reduced emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) from road transport and related fuels. Cliff et al. —Cliff et al. the products used for “car care,” such as windshield washer fluid.
Contribution of gasoline and diesel exhaust to SOA over 0% to 50% diesel fuel use. The new findings contradict previous research focused on the LA Basin which concluded that gasoline vehicles contributed more to the production of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) than exhaust from diesel vehicles. Gentner et al. Click to enlarge.
In the first, they found that when fuel prices drove residents of São Paulo, Brazil, to mostly switch from ethanol to gasoline in their flexible-fuel vehicles, local ozone levels dropped 20%. At the same time, nitric oxide and carbon monoxide concentrations tended to go up. Alberto Salvo, Joel Brito, Paulo Artaxo, and Franz M.
Since 1990, nationwide air quality has improved significantly for the six common air pollutants: ground-level ozone; particle pollution; lead; nitrogen dioxide; carbon monoxide; and sulfur dioxide, according to the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) report “Our Nation’s Air - Status and Trends through 2008”. annual PM 2.5
A new study quantifying emissions from a fleet of gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines and port fuel injection (PFI) engines finds that the measured decrease in CO 2 emissions from GDIs is much greater than the potential climate forcing associated with higher black carbon emissions from GDI engines. —Saliba et al.
The California Air Resources Board (CARB) has released the results of a multiyear study evaluating exhaust emissions from the use of California Reformulated Gasoline (CaRFG) that contains 15 volume percent ethanol (E15). California currently limits the ethanol content of gasoline to 10 percent. SULEV30, ULEV50, ULEV70, and ULEV125).
These include carbon monoxide, ozone, particulate matter, and nitrogen oxides, which are regulated in the United States by the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). HEI’s research program has addressed many important questions about the health effects of a variety of ambient air pollutants over the past two decades.
The study found that 60% of the winter primary hydrocarbon hydroxyl radical reactivity in London is from those diesel-related hydrocarbons; the authors predicted that the longer-chain HCs contribute up to 50 % of the ozone production potential in London. —Dunmore et al. Dunmore et al. Dunmore et al.
The researchers analyzed extensive satellite and ground-based measurements of nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide. They found that levels of pollutants that can contribute to the formation of ground-level ozone, or smog, have failed to continue a fairly steady decline as estimated by the US Environmental Protection Agency.
while the carbon intensity of its economy declined by 4.5%. Emissions from gasoline used in on-road vehicles are the main driver of that increase. These reductions have occurred while California’s economy has continued to grow. Compared to 2016, California’s GDP grew 3.6% Trends in California GHG Emissions.
The finding helps advance research into ammonia as an alternative to carbon-based fuels for cars, airplanes, and power generation facilities. Nitric oxide is known to be harmful to human health, contributes to ozone depletion, and when it reacts with other compounds, contributes to acid rain and atmospheric warming.
Each certification level has its own permissible emission levels for non-methane organic gases (NMOG), oxides of nitrogen (NO x ), formaldehyde (HCHO), carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matter (PM). Vehicles that are engine certified include incomplete gasoline vehicles and those powered with diesel engines. PM Standard.
Here, RME show advantages for primary energy and GHG, but disadvantages in terms of acidification, eutrophication and ozone depletion. As currently practiced in a country such as Brazil, it can lead to emissions reductions of between 70% and well over 100% when substituted for gasoline. Source: “Assessing Biofuels”. Click to enlarge.
Given the current blend limit of up to 15-percent ethanol in gasoline, a maximum of 19 billion gallons of ethanol can be consumed unless the number of flex-fuel vehicles increases substantially. Such land conversion may disrupt any future potential for storing carbon in biomass and soil. Economic effects.
They can also be used as intermediates for the chemical synthesis of more complex carbon compounds such as fuel hydrocarbons. ZSM-5 and SAPO-34) have been used to convert methyl halides to products including gasoline, olefins, aromatics, alcohols and ethers. bio-gasoline—in a two-step process. Zeolite catalysts (e.g.,
The program funds projects to encourage the development and use of new technologies and alternative and renewable fuels, including electricity, natural gas, biomethane, hydrogen, and gasoline and diesel substitutes, such as cellulosic ethanol (derived from woody materials, including agricultural waste), and biodiesel from waste grease.
They accounted for both CO 2 emissions and emissions of ozone precursors (NO x , VOC, CO) and aerosols (BC or black carbon, OC, SO 2 ) as well as cloud effects (aviation-induced cirrus clouds and contrails)—i.e., Results could be used directly for calculating carbon credits or offsets required for single trips.
The RDE will only be fully in place by January 2021, and in its likely final version, real world NO x emissions are still expected to be more than twice the regulatory limit, and three times higher than for gasoline vehicles, the ICCT said.
A new report from the National Research Council examines and, when possible, estimates, “hidden” costs of energy production and use—such as the damage air pollution imposes on human health—that are not reflected in market prices of coal, oil, other energy sources, or the electricity and gasoline produced from them. cents to about 1.7
Isoprene, a five-carbon diene formed naturally in plants and animals and a precursor of ozone, contributes more than 40% of these emissions. Global simulations show an enormous flux—nearly 100 teragrams of carbon per year—of these epoxides to the atmosphere. Paul Wennberg, Caltech, project leader.
We continuously measure the concentration of carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide and volatile organic compounds at our urban observatory in Innsbruck. Generally, different combustion and exhaust treatment characteristics result in significantly higher NO x /CO 2 emission ratios for diesel powered cars than for gasoline. —Thomas Karl.
The transition away from gasoline and diesel vehicles to electric vehicles (EVs) is going full throttle in the United States, and that includes the iconic yellow school bus. As it turns out, the very gasoline or diesel vehicles children use to go to school hamper their learning.
EPA is proposing changes to the carbon monoxide and formaldehyde standards for light- and medium-duty vehicles, including at -7 °C. Future gasoline fuel property standards. EPA is also proposing to eliminate commanded enrichment for ICE-powered vehicles for power and component protection.
The effects of two separate interventions (10% reduction of private vehicle kilometers and a share of 50% electric-powered private vehicle kilometers) on particulate matter (PM 2.5 ), elemental carbon (EC) and noise (engine noise and tire noise) were assessed using Years of Life Lost (YLL) and Years Lived with Disability (YLD). in Belgium.
The cap is enforced by requiring each source that operates under the cap to turn in one allowance or offset credit for every metric ton of carbon dioxide equivalent (MTCO 2 e) that it emits. Over time, the cap will steadily decline. Because the allowances are tradable, individual emitters do not have specific emission limits.
In 2004, the Centralina region (the Greater Charlotte metro area, which straddles the North CarolinaSouth Carolina border) was designated as a non-attainment area for ozone under the Clean Air Act. The area stood to lose billions of dollars of federal funding for a wide variety of projects if the areas air quality didnt improve.
In 2014, Volkswagen of America announced that starting with the launch of the zero-tailpipe emissions battery-electric 2015 e-Golf ( earlier post ), it would invest in projects to offset the carbon emissions created from the e-Golf on a full lifecycle basis: production, distribution and up to approximately 36,000 miles (57,936 km) of driving.
Results of the study suggest that soot is second only to carbon dioxide in contributing to global warming. Jacobson found that the combination of the two types of soot is the second-leading cause of global warming after carbon dioxide. Black carbon converts sunlight to heat and radiates it back to the air around it. Jacobson, J.
Farm machines burning oil, gasoline and diesel release nitrogen to the air. With this new funding, we can start to fill in those blanks, and improve management of nitrogen, carbon and water to help move agriculture toward sustainability in significant ways. Wastes from cattle, chickens and other livestock include nitrogen. Tom Tomich.
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