Think that the cost of moving to vehicles with new technologies that meet strict emission goals will outweigh any potential fuel savings? A new report suggests it’s time to think again. MORE
The Energy Department will award up to $3 million for research and development to help grow US low-to-moderate-temperature geothermal resources and support a domestic supply of critical materials, such as lithium carbonate and rare earth elements. ( This FOA intends to address this limitation by advancing a more non-traditional aspect of geothermal systems—strategic material or mineral recovery. MORE
DOE analysis of ownership costs for future mid-size car. The US Department of Energy (DOE) has issued a Request for Information (RFI) ( DE-FOA-0000592 ) seeking input from the public on its analysis methodology and assumptions used for estimating the total cost of ownership (TCO) of various advanced vehicle technologies within DOE’s portfolio that have the potential to significantly reduce greenhouse gas GHG) emissions and petroleum consumption. MORE
This material, together with the low-cost catalysts and injection moulded components developed, offer a prototype stack costing 43% of its PEM counterpart. In addition, ITM said, the properties of the membrane material enable simplification of electrolyzer balance of plant, providing routes to further balance of plant savings. The alkaline environment enables alternative, lower cost non-precious metal catalyst materials to be used. MORE
ITM Power has provided an update on the cost structure of hydrogen generated by its HFuel electrolysis platform. The new estimated cost —US$4.13/kg after capital amortization—incorporates efficiency improvements, cost reduction of its HGas platform and data provided by Hyundai for the ix35 fuel cell electric vehicle ( earlier post ). ITM Power projects hydrogen cost at £4.19/kg (US$6.44/kg), a 32.7% 5% of sale price. MORE
A plot of ESOI for 7 potential grid-scale energy storage technologies. Benson from Stanford University and Stanford’s Global Climate and Energy Project (GCEP) has quantified the energetic costs of 7 different grid-scale energy storage technologies over time. The Stanford study considered a future US grid where up to 80% of the electricity comes from renewables. The current total energy storage capacity of the US grid is less than 1%, according to Barnhart. MORE
The US Department of Energy (DOE) launched the “ eGallon ” as a quick and simple way for consumers to compare the costs of fueling electric vehicles vs. driving on gasoline. worth of electricity as a similar vehicle could travel on a gallon of gasoline. The eGallon provides a metric that is easily comparable to the traditional gallon of unleaded fuel. For example, if gasoline costs $3.60 worth of gasoline. MORE
Provisional 2030 economic impact of achieving the 2020 targets in the two Phase I scenarios—Current Policy Initiatives and Tech 1— compared to baseline. A report published by Cambridge Econometrics and Ricardo-AEA concludes that overall, the cost of technologies required to meet proposed European 2020 CO 2 regulations for vehicles (95 g/km for cars and 147 g/km for vans) will be more than offset by the resultant fuel savings. MORE
A study by scientists at NYU Langone Medical Center estimates that 3.32% of pre-term births (PTBs, birth at 2.5 Attributable PTBs cost were estimated at $4.33 The sum includes $760 million spent on prolonged hospital stays and long-term use of medications, as well as $3.57 attributable fraction (AF) of PTB was highest in urban counties, primarily in Southern California and the Eastern U.S., exposure and the number of premature births per county. MORE
The US Department of Energy (DOE) announced up to $25 million in funding to reduce the cost of algal biofuels to less than $5 per gasoline gallon equivalent (gge) by 2019. Additionally, algae can be used to make a range of other valuable bioproducts, such as industrial chemicals, bio-based polymers, and proteins. This will be achieved by developing and improving yields of high-impact bioproducts (e.g. MORE
Researchers at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, with colleagues from Los Alamos, Sandia and NREL, are working to lower the cost of producing biofuels from algae. Numbers in red designate the number of strains tested at each TIER. MORE
The last time you could buy a gallon of gasoline in the U.S. for 75 cents was around the late 1970s. If you own an electric car today though, the price you''re paying for electricity is equivalent to about 75 cents per gallon. According to a study by the Northeast Group (via Charged EVs), 25 utilities in 14 states currently offer electricity rates MORE
I had been looking for a new car, but had no intention of buying a green model as such. Since buying my Better Place Renault Fluence ZE in Israel, I'm frequently asked about the price. I bought the car because I liked the way it drove and thought it would save me money. I was quickly satisfied that the car's daily range wasn't an issue and that MORE
A project to reduce the size weight and cost of electric and hybrid vehicle batteries has been awarded research funding from the EU. Axeon, one of Europe’s biggest suppliers of lithium ion battery systems for autos is one of the companies which will be working on the consortium programme called SmartBatt. MORE
A new study by Bloomberg New Energy Finance (BNEF) forecasts that sales of electric vehicles will hit 41 million by 2040, representing 35% of new light duty vehicle sales worldwide. This would be equivalent to nearly 8% of global electricity demand in 2015. MORE
Consumers who purchase an electric vehicle will find that lifetime costs to own the vehicle are competitive with conventional and hybrid vehicles, according to an analysis conducted by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). The baseline analysis relies on a cost-of-ownership model that examines only current vehicles; current fuel prices; and a relatively conservative set of customer values. —“Total Cost of Ownership for Current Plug-in Electric Vehicles”. MORE
The US Department of Energy (DOE) will award $56 million over three years—subject to congressional appropriations—for 21 total projects to further advance advanced concentrating solar power technologies (CSP). MORE
The highly efficient approach devised by Professor George Huber and collaborators is much cheaper than a previously reported method—direct hydrogenolysis of tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol (THFA)—and represents the first economically viable way of producing 1,5-pentanediol from biomass. MORE
In a new study published in the journal Applied Energy , Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) researchers found that controlled charging of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) reduces the costs of integrating the vehicles into an electricity system by 54–73% depending on the scenario. MORE
The large scale rollout of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) will be hindered unless investors stimulate demand, lower the cost of public charging infrastructure and manage the impact on the grid, according to a report published by Accenture. The report, “Changing the game: Plug-in electric vehicle pilots”, analyzed a range of electric vehicle trials around the world, focusing on pure electric vehicles (EVs) that depend entirely on charging from the electric grid. MORE
The car itself has to meet the buyer's needs, but it's also important to consider long-term ownership costs—often more important than many people realize. The expenses of owning a car include not only things like fuel and insurance, but also maintenance over the life of a. Maintenance ownership Reliability ownership costs Cost Of OwnershipWhen it comes to buying a new car, there are many factors to consider. MORE
The corresponding range for GHG savings with corn stover was 57% to 95% and marginally below the threshold of at least 60% for biofuels classified as cellulosic biofuels under the Renewable Fuels Standard. Production cost of ethanol is annualized over the simulation period. MORE
Funded by a $2-million grant from the US Department of Energy, a team of scientists at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) led by Eric Masanet is building a sophisticated cost model for fuel cells that will will take into account the total cost of ownership. The project will cover two types of fuel cells—solid oxide and proton-exchange-membrane—in systems of up to 250 kW. MORE
A new Ford Motor Company-sponsored poll of 6,000 people across Europe found that most Europeans remain committed to car ownership, but have growing concerns about traffic congestion, the cost of driving and the environment. The Ford survey showed the majority of people say life would be “impossible” without a car; however 76% of Europeans say they are affected by stress from traffic congestion and fuel prices. MORE
The low cost of electricity compared to gasoline or diesel means driving an electric car typically comes with significant savings per mile, even if not necessarily in purchase price. What could be better than dramatically reduced operating costs? Green Cost Of Ownership costs ownership costs plug-in cars MORE
The United States uses 360 million gallons of gasoline each day. One tanker-truck load, a mere 8600 gallons of gasoline, exploded on a San Francisco Bay Area Freeway early Sunday morning, and the consequences will be felt for months. The effect of this one accident is being compared to the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, which also caused the collapse of Bay Area freeways. MORE
Diesel vehicles generally saved owners between $2,000 to $6,000 in total ownership costs during a three to five year period when compared to similar gasoline vehicles, according to data compiled by the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute (UMTRI). Fuel Costs. MORE
Every year, obesity costs the country huge amounts of money, from $190 billion in extra medical costs, to over $1,000 per special toilet neeed It's not just cars that are getting bigger and heavier--a quick look around the local mall is enough to see that the average person on the street is more portly than their counterpart from a generation ago. MORE
The Lux analysts ran scenarios associated with operation and ownership, broken out into fuel cost alone; fuel cost plus operation, but excluding purchase or lease; and fuel cost plus operation, including purchase or lease (total ownership cost). MORE
The cost associated with replacing a barrel of produced oil has risen from $6 per barrel in 1998 to $27 per barrel in 2011, according to Lux Research—an increase of 350%. Unconventional oil will be a key area of focus for producers. MORE
I don’t think there is going to be much of a sales increase up to about 2020 or so. It will take more time to build up sales so that you can actually design the vehicles around the hybrid system and that’s where you get a lot of cost reduction. MORE
Whether Tesla can actually achieve those two targets has been the subject of much speculation. The Tesla Model 3 electric sedan will start production in 2017, if the carmaker can keep to its schedule. Tesla is aiming for a 200-mile range and $35,000 base price, in the hope that it can significantly increase volume with a more-affordable product. Batteries plug-in cars Tesla Model 3 MORE
Despite government efforts to try and offer relief from ever-rising fuel prices through a series of cancellations of planned fuel duty rises, motorists say they are now spending £516 million more a month on fuel than a year ago. MORE
A new report produced by the American Lung Association concludes that over-reliance on petroleum-based fuels for transportation costs the 10 ZEV states in the US (California and nine other states that have adopted the California Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) program) an estimated $37 billion in health expenses and climate costs every year—with California costs alone hitting $15 billion. For the average driver, every tank of gas burned costs $18.42 MORE
The US Department of Energy (DOE) is awarding nearly $7 million in research and development funding to four projects to reduce the current costs of electric vehicle chargers by 50% over the next three years. Two of the four selected projects will focus on improving electric vehicle chargers that attach to consumers’ homes and are used by the owners to charge their vehicles while they are at home. MORE
Though there are some exceptions to these positive results for some of the diesel versions of vehicles from a total-cost-of-ownership perspective, the overall direction of the results supports the idea that diesel vehicles are competitive within the U.S. MORE
Every time a new environmental regulation is proposed in the United States, there''s a predictable chorus of doom-and-gloom predictions that it will kill jobs, cause manufacturers to move their operations out of the country, and destroy the economy. MORE
The cost of electric vans is too high and the Government is going to have to provide long-term support for electric vans through consumer incentives if it wants to see the creation of a sustainable market for this type of van, warns the (British Vehicle Rental and Leasing Association) BVRLA. MORE
While diesel vehicles have received a black eye in the form of the Volkswagen emissions scandal, they often still deliver better fuel economy than comparable gasoline models. But does a lower volume of fuel consumed necessarily translate into lower ownership costs? Fuel Economy Cost Of Ownership MORE
Biofuels cost cash-strapped EU member states €10bn in 2011-the same as the bailout of Cyprus-and a figure that is projected to get bigger as Europe increases its use of the fuel. MORE
Many of their arguments center on costs—not only to the carmakers themselves, but also to car buyers. costs Fuel Economy transportation policy Cost Of OwnershipAutomaker lobbyists continue to push back against the stricter fuel-economy and emissions standards scheduled to take effect in the U.S. over the next decade. Regulators and automakers together acknowledge that complying with tougher. MORE
Comparative levelized cost of electricity in 2025 ($/MWh) at different CO 2 prices. For the report, central-station generation refers to >100 MW, with the exception of some renewable-resource-based technologies. The capital cost learning curve. MORE
Over five years after they first went on sale, Nissan electric cars have racked up an impressive amount of mileage: more than 2.5 The Nissan Leaf has proven that electric cars can handle the rigors of daily driving just as well as internal-combustion models. Canada costs plug-in cars Cost Of Ownershipbillion kilometers (1.6 billion miles). MORE
Cost Of Related Topics Green Car Reports
SEPTEMBER 29, 2016
Over five years after they first went on sale, Nissan electric cars have racked up an impressive amount of mileage: more than 2.5 The Nissan Leaf has proven that electric cars can handle the rigors of daily driving just as well as internal-combustion models. Canada costs plug-in cars Cost Of Ownershipbillion kilometers (1.6 billion miles).
Green Car Reports
SEPTEMBER 24, 2015
Whether Tesla can actually achieve those two targets has been the subject of much speculation. The Tesla Model 3 electric sedan will start production in 2017, if the carmaker can keep to its schedule. Tesla is aiming for a 200-mile range and $35,000 base price, in the hope that it can significantly increase volume with a more-affordable product. Batteries plug-in cars Tesla Model 3
Green Car Reports
MARCH 24, 2015
The low cost of electricity compared to gasoline or diesel means driving an electric car typically comes with significant savings per mile, even if not necessarily in purchase price. What could be better than dramatically reduced operating costs? Green Cost Of Ownership costs ownership costs plug-in cars
Green Car Congress
JULY 9, 2015
Though there are some exceptions to these positive results for some of the diesel versions of vehicles from a total-cost-of-ownership perspective, the overall direction of the results supports the idea that diesel vehicles are competitive within the U.S.
Green Car Reports
JULY 23, 2014
The last time you could buy a gallon of gasoline in the U.S. for 75 cents was around the late 1970s. If you own an electric car today though, the price you''re paying for electricity is equivalent to about 75 cents per gallon. According to a study by the Northeast Group (via Charged EVs), 25 utilities in 14 states currently offer electricity rates
Green Car Congress
JUNE 11, 2013
Consumers who purchase an electric vehicle will find that lifetime costs to own the vehicle are competitive with conventional and hybrid vehicles, according to an analysis conducted by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). The baseline analysis relies on a cost-of-ownership model that examines only current vehicles; current fuel prices; and a relatively conservative set of customer values. —“Total Cost of Ownership for Current Plug-in Electric Vehicles”.
Green Cars News
MARCH 20, 2013
Think that the cost of moving to vehicles with new technologies that meet strict emission goals will outweigh any potential fuel savings? A new report suggests it’s time to think again.
Green Car Reports
DECEMBER 19, 2016
While diesel vehicles have received a black eye in the form of the Volkswagen emissions scandal, they often still deliver better fuel economy than comparable gasoline models. But does a lower volume of fuel consumed necessarily translate into lower ownership costs? Fuel Economy Cost Of Ownership
Green Car Reports
JUNE 13, 2012
I had been looking for a new car, but had no intention of buying a green model as such. Since buying my Better Place Renault Fluence ZE in Israel, I'm frequently asked about the price. I bought the car because I liked the way it drove and thought it would save me money. I was quickly satisfied that the car's daily range wasn't an issue and that
Green Car Congress
JULY 22, 2013
ITM Power has provided an update on the cost structure of hydrogen generated by its HFuel electrolysis platform. The new estimated cost —US$4.13/kg after capital amortization—incorporates efficiency improvements, cost reduction of its HGas platform and data provided by Hyundai for the ix35 fuel cell electric vehicle ( earlier post ). ITM Power projects hydrogen cost at £4.19/kg (US$6.44/kg), a 32.7% 5% of sale price.
Green Car Reports
MARCH 7, 2017
Many of their arguments center on costs—not only to the carmakers themselves, but also to car buyers. costs Fuel Economy transportation policy Cost Of OwnershipAutomaker lobbyists continue to push back against the stricter fuel-economy and emissions standards scheduled to take effect in the U.S. over the next decade. Regulators and automakers together acknowledge that complying with tougher.
Green Car Congress
JUNE 11, 2013
The US Department of Energy (DOE) launched the “ eGallon ” as a quick and simple way for consumers to compare the costs of fueling electric vehicles vs. driving on gasoline. worth of electricity as a similar vehicle could travel on a gallon of gasoline. The eGallon provides a metric that is easily comparable to the traditional gallon of unleaded fuel. For example, if gasoline costs $3.60 worth of gasoline.
Green Car Congress
OCTOBER 1, 2012
The cost associated with replacing a barrel of produced oil has risen from $6 per barrel in 1998 to $27 per barrel in 2011, according to Lux Research—an increase of 350%. Unconventional oil will be a key area of focus for producers.
Green Car Reports
MAY 3, 2012
Every year, obesity costs the country huge amounts of money, from $190 billion in extra medical costs, to over $1,000 per special toilet neeed It's not just cars that are getting bigger and heavier--a quick look around the local mall is enough to see that the average person on the street is more portly than their counterpart from a generation ago.
Green Cars News
AUGUST 12, 2013
Despite government efforts to try and offer relief from ever-rising fuel prices through a series of cancellations of planned fuel duty rises, motorists say they are now spending £516 million more a month on fuel than a year ago.
Green Cars News
APRIL 20, 2011
A project to reduce the size weight and cost of electric and hybrid vehicle batteries has been awarded research funding from the EU. Axeon, one of Europe’s biggest suppliers of lithium ion battery systems for autos is one of the companies which will be working on the consortium programme called SmartBatt.
Green Cars News
APRIL 17, 2013
Biofuels cost cash-strapped EU member states €10bn in 2011-the same as the bailout of Cyprus-and a figure that is projected to get bigger as Europe increases its use of the fuel.
Green Car Congress
OCTOBER 27, 2016
A new report produced by the American Lung Association concludes that over-reliance on petroleum-based fuels for transportation costs the 10 ZEV states in the US (California and nine other states that have adopted the California Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) program) an estimated $37 billion in health expenses and climate costs every year—with California costs alone hitting $15 billion. For the average driver, every tank of gas burned costs $18.42
Green Car Congress
MARCH 30, 2016
A study by scientists at NYU Langone Medical Center estimates that 3.32% of pre-term births (PTBs, birth at 2.5 Attributable PTBs cost were estimated at $4.33 The sum includes $760 million spent on prolonged hospital stays and long-term use of medications, as well as $3.57 attributable fraction (AF) of PTB was highest in urban counties, primarily in Southern California and the Eastern U.S., exposure and the number of premature births per county.
Green Car Congress
JUNE 28, 2013
Diesel vehicles generally saved owners between $2,000 to $6,000 in total ownership costs during a three to five year period when compared to similar gasoline vehicles, according to data compiled by the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute (UMTRI). Fuel Costs.
Green Car Congress
FEBRUARY 25, 2016
A new study by Bloomberg New Energy Finance (BNEF) forecasts that sales of electric vehicles will hit 41 million by 2040, representing 35% of new light duty vehicle sales worldwide. This would be equivalent to nearly 8% of global electricity demand in 2015.
Green Car Congress
MARCH 19, 2013
Provisional 2030 economic impact of achieving the 2020 targets in the two Phase I scenarios—Current Policy Initiatives and Tech 1— compared to baseline. A report published by Cambridge Econometrics and Ricardo-AEA concludes that overall, the cost of technologies required to meet proposed European 2020 CO 2 regulations for vehicles (95 g/km for cars and 147 g/km for vans) will be more than offset by the resultant fuel savings.
Green Car Congress
FEBRUARY 27, 2012
I don’t think there is going to be much of a sales increase up to about 2020 or so. It will take more time to build up sales so that you can actually design the vehicles around the hybrid system and that’s where you get a lot of cost reduction.
Green Car Reports
JUNE 6, 2014
Every time a new environmental regulation is proposed in the United States, there''s a predictable chorus of doom-and-gloom predictions that it will kill jobs, cause manufacturers to move their operations out of the country, and destroy the economy.
Green Car Congress
JANUARY 24, 2014
In a new study published in the journal Applied Energy , Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) researchers found that controlled charging of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) reduces the costs of integrating the vehicles into an electricity system by 54–73% depending on the scenario.
Green Car Congress
SEPTEMBER 30, 2014
The US Department of Energy (DOE) announced up to $25 million in funding to reduce the cost of algal biofuels to less than $5 per gasoline gallon equivalent (gge) by 2019. Additionally, algae can be used to make a range of other valuable bioproducts, such as industrial chemicals, bio-based polymers, and proteins. This will be achieved by developing and improving yields of high-impact bioproducts (e.g.
Green Car Congress
MARCH 10, 2013
A plot of ESOI for 7 potential grid-scale energy storage technologies. Benson from Stanford University and Stanford’s Global Climate and Energy Project (GCEP) has quantified the energetic costs of 7 different grid-scale energy storage technologies over time. The Stanford study considered a future US grid where up to 80% of the electricity comes from renewables. The current total energy storage capacity of the US grid is less than 1%, according to Barnhart.
Green Car Congress
FEBRUARY 16, 2014
The Energy Department will award up to $3 million for research and development to help grow US low-to-moderate-temperature geothermal resources and support a domestic supply of critical materials, such as lithium carbonate and rare earth elements. ( This FOA intends to address this limitation by advancing a more non-traditional aspect of geothermal systems—strategic material or mineral recovery.
Green Car Congress
FEBRUARY 4, 2015
The corresponding range for GHG savings with corn stover was 57% to 95% and marginally below the threshold of at least 60% for biofuels classified as cellulosic biofuels under the Renewable Fuels Standard. Production cost of ethanol is annualized over the simulation period.
Green Car Congress
NOVEMBER 24, 2014
The Lux analysts ran scenarios associated with operation and ownership, broken out into fuel cost alone; fuel cost plus operation, but excluding purchase or lease; and fuel cost plus operation, including purchase or lease (total ownership cost).
Green Car Congress
OCTOBER 19, 2011
DOE analysis of ownership costs for future mid-size car. The US Department of Energy (DOE) has issued a Request for Information (RFI) ( DE-FOA-0000592 ) seeking input from the public on its analysis methodology and assumptions used for estimating the total cost of ownership (TCO) of various advanced vehicle technologies within DOE’s portfolio that have the potential to significantly reduce greenhouse gas GHG) emissions and petroleum consumption.
Green Car Congress
JUNE 12, 2017
Researchers at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, with colleagues from Los Alamos, Sandia and NREL, are working to lower the cost of producing biofuels from algae. Numbers in red designate the number of strains tested at each TIER.
Green Car Congress
JUNE 14, 2012
The US Department of Energy (DOE) will award $56 million over three years—subject to congressional appropriations—for 21 total projects to further advance advanced concentrating solar power technologies (CSP).
Green Car Congress
JULY 19, 2011
Comparative levelized cost of electricity in 2025 ($/MWh) at different CO 2 prices. For the report, central-station generation refers to >100 MW, with the exception of some renewable-resource-based technologies. The capital cost learning curve.
Green Car Congress
FEBRUARY 17, 2011
The large scale rollout of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) will be hindered unless investors stimulate demand, lower the cost of public charging infrastructure and manage the impact on the grid, according to a report published by Accenture. The report, “Changing the game: Plug-in electric vehicle pilots”, analyzed a range of electric vehicle trials around the world, focusing on pure electric vehicles (EVs) that depend entirely on charging from the electric grid.
Green Car Congress
NOVEMBER 14, 2012
A new Ford Motor Company-sponsored poll of 6,000 people across Europe found that most Europeans remain committed to car ownership, but have growing concerns about traffic congestion, the cost of driving and the environment. The Ford survey showed the majority of people say life would be “impossible” without a car; however 76% of Europeans say they are affected by stress from traffic congestion and fuel prices.
Green Car Congress
DECEMBER 21, 2011
The US Department of Energy (DOE) is awarding nearly $7 million in research and development funding to four projects to reduce the current costs of electric vehicle chargers by 50% over the next three years. Two of the four selected projects will focus on improving electric vehicle chargers that attach to consumers’ homes and are used by the owners to charge their vehicles while they are at home.
Green Car Congress
NOVEMBER 1, 2011
Funded by a $2-million grant from the US Department of Energy, a team of scientists at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) led by Eric Masanet is building a sophisticated cost model for fuel cells that will will take into account the total cost of ownership. The project will cover two types of fuel cells—solid oxide and proton-exchange-membrane—in systems of up to 250 kW.
Plugs and Cars
APRIL 30, 2007
The United States uses 360 million gallons of gasoline each day. One tanker-truck load, a mere 8600 gallons of gasoline, exploded on a San Francisco Bay Area Freeway early Sunday morning, and the consequences will be felt for months. The effect of this one accident is being compared to the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, which also caused the collapse of Bay Area freeways.
Green Car Congress
NOVEMBER 9, 2011
This material, together with the low-cost catalysts and injection moulded components developed, offer a prototype stack costing 43% of its PEM counterpart. In addition, ITM said, the properties of the membrane material enable simplification of electrolyzer balance of plant, providing routes to further balance of plant savings. The alkaline environment enables alternative, lower cost non-precious metal catalyst materials to be used.
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