Coal, Gasoline-Electric and Industry

EIA expects increased US crude oil production, with continued high petroleum prices in 2022

Green Car Congress

MAY 11, 2022

Low global oil inventories coupled with continued high demand for gasoline, diesel, and other petroleum products means that increased production likely won’t have much impact on prices in the short term. EIA forecasts that retail sales of electricity to the industrial sector will grow by 2.8% and by 1.5% in summer 2021.

Oil

Oil Price Production Oil Prices

EPA GHG Inventory shows US GHG down 1.7% y-o-y in 2019, down 13% from 2005

Green Car Congress

APRIL 17, 2021

This decrease was driven largely by a decrease in emissions from fossil fuel combustion resulting from a decrease in total energy use in 2019 compared to 2018 and a continued shift from coal to natural gas and renewables in the electric power sector. CO 2 emissions decreased 2.2% from 2018 to 2019.

2005

2005 2019 EPA Climate Change

ICCT LCA study finds only battery and hydrogen fuel-cell EVs have potential to be very low-GHG passenger vehicle pathways

Green Car Congress

JULY 21, 2021

In addition to its regional and temporal scope, this study is distinct from earlier LCA literature in four key aspects: This study considers the lifetime average carbon intensity of the fuel and electricity mixes, including biofuels and biogas. This is especially important for assessing the GHG emissions of PHEVs.

Hydrogen

Hydrogen Fuel Batteries Battery

3.8% drop in EU’s greenhouse gas emissions in 2019; transport emissions rise

Green Car Congress

JUNE 1, 2021

The large decline in emissions, achieved before the COVID-19 crisis, was mainly due to reduced coal use for power generation. Increasing carbon prices and gas becoming relatively cheaper compared with coal led to a significant reduction in coal use, in favor of gas and renewable energy sources. from 2018 to 2019.

2019

2019 Emissions Transportation Gas

EIA: US energy-related CO2 fell by 2.8% in 2019, slightly below 2017 levels

Green Car Congress

MAY 11, 2020

In 2019, CO 2 emissions from petroleum fuels—nearly half of which are associated with motor gasoline consumption—fell by 0.8%, and CO 2 emissions from the use of natural gas increased by 3.3%. The United States now emits less CO 2 from coal than from motor gasoline. Total net electricity generation fell by 1.5%

2019

2019 CO2 Energy 2017

Rhodium Group estimates US GHG emissions rose 1.3% in 2022

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 11, 2023

This reversal in 2022 was largely due to the substitution of coal with natural gas—a less carbon-intensive fuel—and a rise in renewable energy generation. Little change in transportation and industry. The changes in industrial and transportation sector emissions reflect the impact of inflationary uncertainty.

Emissions

Emissions Oil Prices 2005 Coal

EIA projects US energy-related CO2 emissions to remain near current level through 2050; increased natural gas consumption

Green Car Congress

MARCH 22, 2019

In the United States, emissions associated with the consumption of petroleum fuels—motor gasoline, distillate, jet fuel, and more—have consistently made up the largest portion of CO 2 emissions. Natural gas surpassed coal to become the most prevalent fuel used to generate electricity in the United States in 2016.

Gas

Gas Emissions Energy Coal

Hyundai Offering Free Chargers to EV Buyers, Swelling Industry Incentives

The Truth About Cars

SEPTEMBER 22, 2023

Hyundai is offering customers willing to buy an all-electric vehicle a Level 2 home charger for no extra cost. That makes the $33,550 (before any federal tax credits or state incentives) Kona Electric the most affordable way to take advantage of the deal. From AN : Cooled demand suggests consumers are still hesitant to make the change.

Hyundai

Hyundai Industrial Industry United Kingdom

Tsinghua University provincial-level lifecycle study finds fuel-cycle criteria pollutants of EVs in China could be up to 5x those of natural gas vehicles due to China’s coal-dominant power mix

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 12, 2013

In regions where the share of coal-based electricity is relatively low, EVs can achieve substantial GHG reduction, the team reports in a paper in the ACS journal Environmental Science & Technology. According to the 12 th Five-Year Plan of the China Coal Industry (2011?2015)

Coal

Coal Pollution China Gas

Argonne study finds shale gas GHG lifecycle emissions 6% lower than natural gas, 23% lower than gasoline and 33% lower than coal; upstream methane leakage a key contributor

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 18, 2011

Gasoline section shows results for fuel derived from both conventional oil and oil sands. The study also highlights that upstream CH 4 (methane) leakage and venting is a key contributor to the total upstream emissions of natural gas pathways, and can significantly reduce the life-cycle benefit of natural gas compared to coal or petroleum.

Gas

Gas Coal Emissions Gasoline

Sparton and NuCoal to Evaluate NuCoals Saskatchewan Coal Holdings and CTL Residue for Germanium and Uranium Commercialization Potential

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 6, 2009

and NuCoal Energy Corporation recently executed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) wherein Sparton and NuCoal will jointly evaluate the potential of NuCoal’s lignitic coal holdings in Saskatchewan to host commercial germanium and uranium mineralization. The quantities are dependent on the amounts of metal contained in the coal feedstock.

Coal

Coal North Dakota Commercial Gasoline-Electric

Lawrence Livermore publishes state-by-state energy/water Sankey diagrams

Green Car Congress

APRIL 20, 2018

Some water resources also flow up to energy resources (petroleum, biomass, natural gas, and coal). coal, natural gas, geothermal and nuclear) into electricity. Hydropower: The gravitational potential energy of water which fell as precipitation on elevated land is converted to electricity in hydroelectric turbines.

Water

Water Energy Coal Gas-Electric

DOE to Award Up to $5M in Grants for RD on Hydrogen Production from Coal

Green Car Congress

JUNE 2, 2009

The US Department of Energy has issued up to a $5-million Funding Opportunity Announcement (DE-FOA-0000103) to solicit laboratory-level R&D projects to develop novel technologies for producing hydrogen from coal. Electricity and hydrogen together represent one of the most promising ways to achieve these objectives.

Coal

Coal Hydrogen Grant Production

EIA: US energy-related CO2 dropped 2.7% in 2015; of end-use sectors, only transportation increased

Green Car Congress

MARCH 27, 2017

Specific circumstances, such as the very warm fourth quarter of 2015 and relatively low natural gas prices, put downward pressure on emissions as natural gas was substituted for coal in electricity generation. Gasoline accounted for 77% of the 38 MMmt increase in the transportation sector—30 MMmt, an increase of 2.8%

2015

2015 Transportation CO2 Energy

Global Carbon Project: Global carbon emissions growth slows, but hits record high

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 5, 2019

Although the rate of emissions growth is slower than in the previous two years, the researchers warn emissions could keep increasing for a decade or more unless energy, transportation and industry policies change significantly across the world. In 2019, consumption of coal is expected to drop 11% in the U.S.—down growth in 2017.

Carbon

Carbon Global Emissions Climate Change

Kentucky electric cars now pay two taxes where gas cars only pay one

Baua Electric

JANUARY 1, 2024

Photo by Mobilus in Mobili on Flickr As of January 1st, Kentucky has implemented not one but two new taxes on electric vehicles, both of which are individually higher than what gas vehicles pay on similar units of energy. These rates on public charging are notably higher than the roughly 11% tax that Kentucky collects on gasoline (28.7

Kentucky

Kentucky Tax Gas-Electric Gas

BASF co-locates battery materials plant and recycling center in Schwarzheide

Green Car Congress

JUNE 30, 2023

BASF CAM plant in Schwarzheide BASF says that the carbon footprint of its innovative cathode active materials is significantly lower than the industry benchmark due to BASF’s proprietary efficient production technologies, which include minimized energy consumption and a high proportion of renewable energy.

Batteries

Batteries Battery Europe Germany

EIA STEO projects higher US crude production, increases in travel and gasoline demand

Green Car Congress

APRIL 11, 2017

For summer 2017, EIA forecasts motor gasoline consumption to average 9.5 EIA expects that domestic refinery production, including gasoline blendstock output, will be about 20,000 b/d lower this summer than last summer. of total gasoline consumption. For all of 2017, the forecast average price for regular gasoline is $2.39/gal,

Gasoline

Gasoline Production Gasoline-Electric Oil

Renewable-methanol fueled Geely cars in fleet testing in Iceland; 70% reduction in WTW CO2 compared to gasoline

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 12, 2017

Among drivers testing the vehicles were CRI staff and members of the Icelandic Automobile Association as well as several local service providers in the auto industry. The participants reported virtually no difference in driving experience compared to regular gasoline- or diesel-fueled cars. It features a 1.8-liter,

Iceland

Iceland CO2 Gasoline Renewable

Geely invests in Carbon Recycling Intl.; vehicles fueled by methanol from CO2, water and renewable energy

Green Car Congress

JULY 8, 2015

Geely’s Englon SC7 sedan was the first methanol-fueled car to receive approval from China’s Ministry of Industry and Information Technology. Vulcanol is CRI’s brand name for renewable methanol, produced from CO 2 and hydrogen from renewable sources of electricity (hydro, geothermal, wind and solar). Earlier post.) Click to enlarge.

Renewable

Renewable Carbon Water Fuel

New full LCA highlights complexity of environmental advantages and disadvantages of EVs relative to ICE vehicles; the importance of life cycle thinking

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 7, 2012

Researchers at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) have compared the emissions resulting from the production, use, and end-of-life of electric and internal combustion engine vehicles (EVs and ICEVs) in a full life-cycle analysis (LCA). They investigated two types of batteries in the EV case: LiFePO 4 and LiNCM.

Gasoline-Electric

Gasoline-Electric Vehicles Coal Gasoline

Coal Into Cars: The Good, the Bad, the Ugly

Plugs and Cars

AUGUST 19, 2007

The Ugly Coal sucks, there's really no two ways about it. But not all use of coal is alike. The Good About half our electricity comes from coal, and that will change, at best, slowly as we move to renewables. That includes the worst, most coal dependent areas.

Coal

Coal Costa Rica Gasoline-Electric Cars

List of The Best 10 Alternative Fuels for Cars that Could Replace Gasoline

Get Electric Vehicle

JUNE 5, 2023

Which are the alternative fuels for cars that could replace gasoline in vehicle? Petroleum fuels are common in the automotive industry. These examples of alternative fuels for cars are tested and proven technology in the automotive industry. FFVs are designed to run on blends of methanol and gasoline in different ratios.

Alternative Fuels

Alternative Fuels Gasoline Fuel Gasoline-Electric

JEC updates well-to-wheels study on automotive fuels and powertrains; electro-mobility, natural gas and biofuels

Green Car Congress

MARCH 27, 2014

It adds an assessment of electrically chargeable vehicle configurations, such as plug-in hybrid, range extended, battery and fuel-cell electric vehicles. A specific objective is to have the outcome accepted as a reference by all relevant stakeholders, including industry, academia and government. ICE-based vehicles and fuels.

Gas

Gas Fuel Gas-Electric Gasoline-Electric

National Research Council Report on Americas Energy Future Highlights Vehicle Efficiency Technologies, Conversion of Biomass and Coal-to-Liquids Fuels, and Electrifying the Light Duty Fleet with PHEVs, BEVs and FCVs

Green Car Congress

JULY 31, 2009

Estimates of potential for gasoline consumption reduction in the US light duty fleet in 2020 and 2035 relative to 2007. Developing technologies for the conversion of biomass and coal-to-liquid fuels. million barrels per day of gasoline-equivalent) with near-zero lifecycle CO 2. million barrels gasoline equivalent per day.

Coal

Coal Conversion Light Future

How Efficient Is Your EV? It’s Complicated

Cars That Think

AUGUST 2, 2021

With motor sports moving hard and fast toward electric drive, a friend recently told me that electric drag-car racing just wouldn't be the same without the deafening roar of combustion engines and the smell of "nitro" fuel. With electric vehicles, however, calculating efficiency is not so simple. She's 90 years old.

Gasoline-Electric

Gasoline-Electric Recharge Gasoline United States

Asian Development Bank providing $300M towards replacing 100K gasoline trikes with E-Trikes in the Philippines; $300M for major road upgrades in Chhattisgarh, India

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 11, 2012

The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is providing $300 million towards a project that will replace 100,000 gasoline-burning tricycles in the Philippines with electric tricycles, or E-Trikes. E-Trike drivers saw their daily incomes more than double during a pilot program in Metro Manila.

Philippines

Philippines India Gasoline Gasoline-Electric

EIA: light duty vehicle energy consumption to drop 25% by 2040; increased oil production, vehicle efficiency reduce US oil and liquid imports

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 16, 2013

Among the more detailed transportation projections in AEO2014 are: LDVs powered by gasoline remain the dominant vehicle type in the AEO2014 Reference case, retaining a 78% share of new LDV sales in 2040, down from their 82% share in 2012. Industrial shipments are expected to grow at 3.0% annual growth through 2040.

Oil

Oil Light Energy Vehicles

Study projects emission impacts of inexpensive, efficient EVs: 36% further reduction in LDV GHG by 2050, or 9% economy-wide

Green Car Congress

JUNE 7, 2017

A new study by researchers at the University of Colorado at Boulder projects the emission impacts of the widespread introduction of inexpensive and efficient electric vehicles into the US light duty vehicle (LDV) sector. power plants and refineries) and in turn to the transportation, residential, industrial, and commercial end-use sectors.

Emissions

Emissions Economy Gasoline-Electric Coal

EPA: US GHG fell 0.5% y-o-y in 2017; power sector down by 4.2%, transportation up 1.21%

Green Car Congress

APRIL 15, 2019

This decrease was largely driven by a decrease in emissions from fossil fuel combustion, which was a result of multiple factors including a continued shift from coal to natural gas and increased use of renewables in the electric power sector, and milder weather that contributed to less overall electricity use.

2017

2017 EPA Transportation 2005

Hybrids vs EVs: where should government put its money

Baua Electric

JANUARY 20, 2024

To accomplish this goal, while other technologies have emerged, EVs (electric vehicles) and hybrids have become the most well-known and broadly accepted, particularly in India. The Indian government presently levies a 43 per cent tax on hybrids and a 5 per cent tax on electric vehicles. Maruti Suzuki officials have a similar outlook.

Hybrid

Hybrid Suzuki Tax India

Why Do Japanese Automakers Like Hydrogen Power?

The Truth About Cars

MAY 17, 2023

The Japanese government certainly plays a large role here and has been advocating for hydrogen power for years — much, in the same way, China, Europe, and (to a lesser extent) the United States have been pushing all-electric vehicles. Presently, the vast majority of hydrogen is produced using coal or natural gas as feedstocks.

Hydrogen

Hydrogen Power Powered Japan

Study concludes abundant shale gas is neither climate hero nor villain; need for targeted GHG reduction policy

Green Car Congress

MAY 15, 2014

If natural gas is abundant and less expensive, it will encourage greater natural gas consumption and less consumption of fuels such as coal, renewables and nuclear power. Most evidence indicates that natural gas as a substitute for coal in electricity production, gasoline in transport, and electricity in buildings decreases greenhouse gases.

Climate

Climate Gas Coal Gas-Electric

Argonne releases GREET 2020

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 10, 2020

Vehicle technologies include conventional internal combustion engines, hybrid-electric systems, battery-electric vehicles, and fuel-cell-electric vehicles. Fuel/energy options include petroleum fuels, natural gas-based fuels, biofuels, hydrogen, and electricity. CO 2 -derived ethanol.

2020

2020 Gas-Electric Lithium Ion Mariner

EIA projects decline in transportation sector energy consumption through 2037 despite increase in VMT, followed by increase

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 28, 2019

EIA’s Annual Energy Outlook 2019 projects continued robust growth in US energy production, emergence of the United States as an energy exporter, and a cleaner S electric power generation mix. Freight rail ton-miles grow by 20% during the same period, led primarily by rising industrial output.

Transportation

Transportation Energy Fuel Economy 2018

EIA Projects 5% Decrease in Fossil-Fuel-Based CO2 Emissions in 2009; Little Change in Emissions from Gasoline

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 12, 2009

The decrease was driven by the economic downturn, combined with a significant switch from coal to natural gas as a source of electricity generation, according to the EIA. The EIA projects that fuel switching in the electric power sector and declines in industrial use will lead to a 7.9% For 2008, the EIA reported a 3.2%

2009

2009 Emissions Gasoline Coal

How EVs Are Helping Humanity & Saving Lives?

Get Electric Vehicle

FEBRUARY 27, 2024

Electric vehicles have become an inevitable part of every walk of modern life. EVs: They Are Everywhere As we mentioned earlier EVs have a wide range of applications because EVs are much more flexible in case of design and configuration which gasoline vehicles cannot match. With Formula-E they are getting into the racing arena as well.

Petrol

Petrol Pollution Gasoline-Electric Diesel

US EIA Reports Record-setting 7% Overall Decline in US Carbon Dioxide Emissions in 2009; Transport Emissions Down 4.1%, Lowest Percentage Reduction of the End-UseSectors

Green Car Congress

MAY 6, 2010

Carbon intensity changes in the electric power and industrial end use sectors. In 2009, the carbon intensity of the electric power sector decreased by nearly 4.3%, primarily due to fuel switching as the price of coal rose 6.8% Increased use of natural gas in place of coal caused the sector’s carbon intensity to decrease.

2009

2009 Emissions Carbon Transportation

Berkeley Lab study forecasts China energy use will peak within 20 years; 356 million private cars by 2050

Green Car Congress

MAY 2, 2011

There will come a time—within the next two decades—when the number of people in China acquiring cars, larger homes, and other accouterments of industrialized societies will peak—a phenomenon known as saturation. Additionally, other energy-intensive industries will see demand for their products flatten.

China

China Energy 2005 Cars

U.K. Government Pushes Gasoline Car Ban to 2035

The Truth About Cars

SEPTEMBER 21, 2023

UK Prime Minister Rishi Sunak announced on Wednesday that he’s delaying bans the government had previously made for gasoline-powered vehicles. Most of the United Kingdom’s reduction in greenhouse gas emissions have been attributed to the nation moving away from fossil fuels (mainly coal) in electricity generation.

Gasoline

Gasoline United Kingdom Cars Gas-Electric

EPA report shows progress in reducing urban air toxics across US; 50% reduction from mobile sources since 1990

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 22, 2014

Other results include: a 66% reduction in benzene; a nearly 60% reduction in mercury from man-made sources such as coal-fired power plants; an 84% decrease of lead in outdoor air; the removal of an estimated 1.5 With additional fleet turnover, EPA expects these reductions to grow to 80% by the year 2030.

EPA

EPA Congress Pollution Gasoline-Electric

EIA: US energy-related CO2 emissions down 2.4% in 2011 while GDP rose

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 14, 2012

The industrial sector experienced energy consumption growth of 0.7% In 2010, the price of regular gasoline averaged $2.78 This contributed to a decline in gasoline consumption of 2.9% This would tend to put upward pressure on electricity demand and related emissions. The commercial sector fell slightly (0.3%).

2011

2011 Emissions Energy CO2

CMU study finds that HEVs and PHEVs with small battery packs offer more emissions and oil displacement benefits per dollar spent than large pack PHEVs and BEVs; policy implications

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 27, 2011

Strategies to promote adoption of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) with small battery packs offer more social benefits (i.e., In our base case, we assume average US values for emissions and damage valuation of electricity generation, oil refining, vehicle. Michalek et al.

PHEV

PHEV Oil Emissions Batteries

EIA Energy Outlook 2013 reference case sees drop in fossil fuel consumption as use of petroleum-based liquid fuels falls; projects 20% higher sales of hybrids and PHEVs than AEO2012

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 5, 2012

Transportation sector gasoline demand declines. Sales of battery-powered electric vehicles are 65% lower in the AEO2013 Reference case than the year before, with annual sales in 2035 estimated to be about 119,000. Motor gasoline consumption will be less than previously estimated. Click to enlarge. Overall findings.

Fuel

Fuel Energy Sale 2013

EIA expects increased US crude oil production, with continued high petroleum prices in 2022

EPA GHG Inventory shows US GHG down 1.7% y-o-y in 2019, down 13% from 2005

ICCT LCA study finds only battery and hydrogen fuel-cell EVs have potential to be very low-GHG passenger vehicle pathways

3.8% drop in EU’s greenhouse gas emissions in 2019; transport emissions rise

EIA: US energy-related CO2 fell by 2.8% in 2019, slightly below 2017 levels

Rhodium Group estimates US GHG emissions rose 1.3% in 2022

EIA projects US energy-related CO2 emissions to remain near current level through 2050; increased natural gas consumption

Hyundai Offering Free Chargers to EV Buyers, Swelling Industry Incentives

Tsinghua University provincial-level lifecycle study finds fuel-cycle criteria pollutants of EVs in China could be up to 5x those of natural gas vehicles due to China’s coal-dominant power mix

Argonne study finds shale gas GHG lifecycle emissions 6% lower than natural gas, 23% lower than gasoline and 33% lower than coal; upstream methane leakage a key contributor

Sparton and NuCoal to Evaluate NuCoals Saskatchewan Coal Holdings and CTL Residue for Germanium and Uranium Commercialization Potential

Lawrence Livermore publishes state-by-state energy/water Sankey diagrams

DOE to Award Up to $5M in Grants for RD on Hydrogen Production from Coal

EIA: US energy-related CO2 dropped 2.7% in 2015; of end-use sectors, only transportation increased

Global Carbon Project: Global carbon emissions growth slows, but hits record high

Kentucky electric cars now pay two taxes where gas cars only pay one

BASF co-locates battery materials plant and recycling center in Schwarzheide

EIA STEO projects higher US crude production, increases in travel and gasoline demand

Renewable-methanol fueled Geely cars in fleet testing in Iceland; 70% reduction in WTW CO2 compared to gasoline

Geely invests in Carbon Recycling Intl.; vehicles fueled by methanol from CO2, water and renewable energy

New full LCA highlights complexity of environmental advantages and disadvantages of EVs relative to ICE vehicles; the importance of life cycle thinking

Coal Into Cars: The Good, the Bad, the Ugly

List of The Best 10 Alternative Fuels for Cars that Could Replace Gasoline

JEC updates well-to-wheels study on automotive fuels and powertrains; electro-mobility, natural gas and biofuels

National Research Council Report on Americas Energy Future Highlights Vehicle Efficiency Technologies, Conversion of Biomass and Coal-to-Liquids Fuels, and Electrifying the Light Duty Fleet with PHEVs, BEVs and FCVs

How Efficient Is Your EV? It’s Complicated

Asian Development Bank providing $300M towards replacing 100K gasoline trikes with E-Trikes in the Philippines; $300M for major road upgrades in Chhattisgarh, India

EIA: light duty vehicle energy consumption to drop 25% by 2040; increased oil production, vehicle efficiency reduce US oil and liquid imports

Study projects emission impacts of inexpensive, efficient EVs: 36% further reduction in LDV GHG by 2050, or 9% economy-wide

EPA: US GHG fell 0.5% y-o-y in 2017; power sector down by 4.2%, transportation up 1.21%

Hybrids vs EVs: where should government put its money

Why Do Japanese Automakers Like Hydrogen Power?

Study concludes abundant shale gas is neither climate hero nor villain; need for targeted GHG reduction policy

Argonne releases GREET 2020

EIA projects decline in transportation sector energy consumption through 2037 despite increase in VMT, followed by increase

EIA Projects 5% Decrease in Fossil-Fuel-Based CO2 Emissions in 2009; Little Change in Emissions from Gasoline

How EVs Are Helping Humanity & Saving Lives?

US EIA Reports Record-setting 7% Overall Decline in US Carbon Dioxide Emissions in 2009; Transport Emissions Down 4.1%, Lowest Percentage Reduction of the End-UseSectors

Berkeley Lab study forecasts China energy use will peak within 20 years; 356 million private cars by 2050

U.K. Government Pushes Gasoline Car Ban to 2035

EPA report shows progress in reducing urban air toxics across US; 50% reduction from mobile sources since 1990

EIA: US energy-related CO2 emissions down 2.4% in 2011 while GDP rose

CMU study finds that HEVs and PHEVs with small battery packs offer more emissions and oil displacement benefits per dollar spent than large pack PHEVs and BEVs; policy implications

EIA Energy Outlook 2013 reference case sees drop in fossil fuel consumption as use of petroleum-based liquid fuels falls; projects 20% higher sales of hybrids and PHEVs than AEO2012

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