2011, International, Manufacturer and Recharge

Hydro-Québec pulls in $22M in licensing fees for manufacture of Li-ion rechargeable battery materials in Q3

Green Car Congress

NOVEMBER 30, 2011

In the third quarter of 2011, Hydro-Québec generated $22 million from the granting of sub-licenses for the manufacture of Li-ion rechargeable battery materials. now grant sub-licenses to LMP manufacturers capable of meeting market demand with. battery materials, in conjunction with Munich-based Süd-Chemie AG.

Li-ion

Li-ion Recharge Manufacturer Batteries

NEST Energy Systems and International Battery to demonstrate Vehicle Integrated Power Unit Regulator at USMC ExFOB

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 11, 2011

During ExFOB, NEST Energy Systems and International Battery will demonstrate NEST’s VIPUR system in real-world, high-heat desert conditions. kWh batteries from International Battery featuring UN certified large-format Lithium-Iron Phosphate (LFP) rechargeable cells.

International

International Energy Power Powered

ANSI releases for public comment draft roadmap of standards and codes for EVs at scale

Green Car Congress

APRIL 1, 2023

Building on ANSI EVSP roadmaps developed in the 2011-14 timeframe, the draft document seeks to describe the current and desired future standardization landscape that will support and facilitate EVs at scale. Topics covered include standards to address high power DC charging; storage (i.e., The ANSI EVSP does not develop standards.

Standards

Standards Grid DC Charging

Volvo Car Corporation to start demonstration program of electric cars in Shanghai

Green Car Congress

NOVEMBER 9, 2011

Volvo Cars China and Shanghai International Automobile City Group—a local government supervision authority— will undertake a demonstration program with two Volvo C30 Electric cars in the community of Jiading outside Shanghai. In June 2011, Volvo Car Corporation started the production of the Volvo C30 Electric.

Volvo

Volvo Corporation Electric Cars Belgium

ANSI publishes Roadmap Of Standards And Codes For Electric Vehicles At Scale; 37 standardization gaps

Green Car Congress

JUNE 17, 2023

The roadmap’s primary focus is on light-duty, on-road plug-in electric vehicles (EVs) that are recharged via a connection to the electrical grid, as well as the supporting charging infrastructure needed to power them. Medium- and heavy-duty EVs are also covered, as is wireless charging.

Standards

Standards Electric Vehicles Vehicles Grid

Axeon supplying two 25 kWh Li-ion packs for range-extended electric van concepts

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 17, 2011

Axeon, Europe’s leading independent developer and manufacturer of lithium-ion battery systems, will supply two prototype batteries for a UK Technology Strategy Board (TSB)-grant-assisted project to develop a concept for a lightweight, low emissions, range extended electric delivery van.

Li-ion

Li-ion Concept Supplies Range

LA Metro to purchase up to 25 new BYD electric buses as part of $30M pilot project

Green Car Congress

JUNE 27, 2013

The Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (Metro) Board of Directors approved a contract with BYD Motors for the manufacture and delivery of up to 25 new all-electric buses as part of a $30-million clean air bus technology pilot project. —Michael D. Antonovich, LA County Supervisor and Metro Board Chair.

Los Angeles

Los Angeles BYD Purchase Parts

Pike Research forecasts China plug-in market to reach 152,000 units/year by 2017, falling short of government targets; BEVs to dominate

Green Car Congress

JULY 5, 2012

However, according to a new report from Pike Research, PEV production will fall well short of the government’s ambitious goals of manufacturing 500,000 PEVs a year by 2015. Combined with wider product availability, these subsidies helped total PEV/HEV sales reach approximately 9,000 units in 2011, with cars accounting for 62.7%

Plug-in

Plug-in 2017 China Market

Updated IEA EV/PHEV roadmap finds announced production plans for electric vehicles far below sales targets set by countries

Green Car Congress

JULY 5, 2011

Announcements from major manufacturers in terms of future production plans for electric and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (EVs and PHEVs) are far below sales targets set by countries, according to a newly updated Electric Vehicle Roadmap report from the International Energy Agency. Develop and implement recharging infrastructure.

PHEV

PHEV Electric Vehicles Sale Recharge

DOD awards EaglePicher $22M under DPA Title III to expand Li-ion production capabilities; 250 Wh/kg

Green Car Congress

NOVEMBER 7, 2014

The original solicitation for the LIMA project was in 2011. The program goal assures the affordable production of critical items deemed essential for national defense, alleviating concerns regarding market volatility and uncertainty within the current international market for Li-Ion.

Li-ion

Li-ion Lithium Ion Production Missouri

Peugeot Launches New Marque Plan with Downsizing, Hybrids and Plug-ins for Two-, Three- and Four-Wheeled Vehicles; Unveils SR1 Hybrid Concept

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 9, 2010

To achieve its goals, Peugeot is relying on a new products strategy that includes electric propulsion (the i0n i-MiEV-derived electric car) and E-Vivacity scooter from 2010; diesel hybrid in the 3008 from 2011 ( earlier post) ; e-HDi (microhybrid) from 2011 on the entire diesel range; and a plug-in diesel hybrid in 2012. Micro-hybrids.

Downsizing

Downsizing Plug-in Hybrid Concept

Axion Power and ePower Engine Systems enter 5-year agreement for use of PbC batteries in diesel-electric drivetrains for Class 8 trucks; tests suggest up to 35% improvement in fuel economy

Green Car Congress

MARCH 4, 2013

Axion Power International, Inc, the developer of advanced lead-carbon PbC batteries and energy storage systems ( earlier post ), has entered a strategic relationship with ePower Engine Systems LLC. The PbC batteries accept fast recharge so they are capable of taking full advantage of the regenerative braking functionality of our system.

Diesel

Diesel Peterbilt Fuel Economy Lead Acid

24M emerges from stealth mode with new semi-solid Li-ion cell; <$100/kWh by 2020

Green Car Congress

JUNE 22, 2015

Yet-Ming Chiang, 24M’s Chief Scientist, the company is leveraging existing, preferred energy storage chemistry but using a new cell design with semi-solid (a mixture of solid and liquid phases) thick electrodes and manufacturing innovations to deliver what it says will be up to a 50% reduction in current Li-ion costs. (Dr.

Li-ion

Li-ion Lithium Ion 2020 Batteries

Volvo to unveil XC60 gasoline-electric Plug-in Hybrid Concept at Detroit show; system targeted for US and China markets

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 4, 2012

At the 2012 North American International Auto Show in Detroit, Volvo Car Corporation will unveil the Volvo XC60 gasoline-electric Plug-in Hybrid Concept. In February 2011 at the Geneva Motor Show, Volvo introduced the diesel-electric V60 Plug-in Hybrid (PHEV) to go on sale in Europe later this year. XC60 Plug-in Hybrid Concept.

Gasoline-Electric

Gasoline-Electric Plug-in Volvo Gasoline

Expert panel report finds achieving 1M plug-in vehicles in US by 2015 would require concentrated action to overcome barriers

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 4, 2011

2011-25), recognizing that the transportation electrification process will evolve in stages based on the learning that occurs in the years and decades ahead. Virtually all major vehicle manufacturers and several start-up companies are offering—or are planning to offer soon—a PEV for sale in the US market.

Plug-in

Plug-in 2015 Plug Recharge

Tier 1 HELLA evaluating PowerGenix NiZn batteries for 48V mild hybrid vehicles

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 21, 2013

PowerGenix, the developer of nickel-zinc (NiZn) rechargeable batteries ( earlier post ), has signed a product evaluation contract with HELLA, a Tier 1 supplier to major automotive manufacturers worldwide. In 2011, PowerGenix delivered its first production prototype product for the micro-hybrid stop-start market. Earlier post.)

Nickel Cadmium

Nickel Cadmium NiCd Hybrid Nickel Metal Hydride

Fisker reports more than $100M in revenue Jan-Apr 2012; more than $1B in funding since 2007

Green Car Congress

MAY 29, 2012

The company, which began deliveries of the Fisker Karma luxury four-door extended range electric sedan in December 2011, also said that it has delivered 1,000 vehicles to customers in the US and Europe. Fisker Automotive published its first business update, announcing that revenues had exceeded $100 million in the first four months of 2012.

Fisker

Fisker 2007 Karma 2012

Ernst Young Survey Finds Roughly 60% of Chinese Consumers Would Consider Purchasing a Plug-in Vehicle

Green Car Congress

APRIL 23, 2010

When asked which specific locations would offer convenient re-charging access, 76% indicated conventional roadside recharging locations, 46% indicated residential and apartment communities and 34% indicated large public parking places near places of business. Mike Hanley.

Purchase

Purchase Plug-in Plug Chinese

Consumer Electronics Assn Study Finds 40% of American Adults Likely to Test Drive an EV

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 23, 2010

Manufacturers, dealers and other sellers will need to emphasize mileage and battery-related specifications when promoting and selling electric vehicles. Concerns about mileage potential before needing to recharge (50%) and battery life (34%) top the list. —Chris Ely, CEA's manager of industry analysis. —Chris Ely.

Las Vegas

Las Vegas Recharge Purchase Gasoline-Electric

3D self-assembling nanostructure for cathodes enables very rapid charge and discharge without sacrificing capacity; potential for EVs

Green Car Congress

MARCH 21, 2011

Battery life and recharging time are major limitations of electric vehicles. Long-distance road trips can be their own form of start-and-stop driving if the battery only lasts for 100 miles and then requires an hour to recharge. Braun (2011) Three-dimensional bicontinuous ultrafast-charge and -discharge bulk battery electrodes.

Nickel Metal Hydride

Nickel Metal Hydride Li-ion Lithium Ion Charging

Calif. Energy Commission approves energy efficiency rules for battery charger systems; automotive chargers exempted

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 13, 2012

The rules explicitly exclude devices used to charge a motor vehicle that is powered by an electric motor drawing current from rechargeable storage batteries, fuel cells, or other portable sources of electrical current, and which may include a nonelectrical source of power designed to charge batteries and components.

Golf Cart

Golf Cart Energy Batteries Battery

Montana Company Licenses Lawrence Livermore Zinc Air Fuel Cell Technology

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 11, 2010

ZAI) has obtained exclusive rights from LLNL for the mechanically rechargeable zinc air fuel cell (US Patent 5,434,020) invented by John Cooper, a retired LLNL chemist, who is on the ZAI technical Board of Advisors. The Zinc/Air Fuel Cell allows for rapid refueling, as opposed to overnight recharging, which makes multiple shifts a reality.

Zinc Air

Zinc Air Montana Companies Fuel

UK Government Announces £5,000 Grants Towards Purchase of Electric Drive Vehicles and First Plugged-in Places

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 26, 2010

The UK Department for Transport (DfT) has confirmed details of the financial incentives that will be made available to buyers of electric cars from January 2011. Cars will be discounted at the point of purchase and the subsidy claimed by the manufacturer to provide a straightforward process for the consumer. Plugged-in Places.

G-Wiz

G-Wiz Grant Plug-in Purchase

ZAP, Zhejiang Jonway Partner to Target China and Export EV Markets

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 22, 2010

US-based electric vehicle provider ZAP and China auto manufacturer Zhejiang Jonway Automobile Co. Jonway currently manufactures several thousand units per month of its A380 compact SUV in 3- and 5-door models and is expanding its product line with new model sedans and other automobiles. The Jonway A380. Click to enlarge.

China

China Market 2009 Automobile

EC rolls out CARS 2020 action plan for European auto industry

Green Car Congress

NOVEMBER 8, 2012

To meet long-term greenhouse gas emissions targets as well as air quality objectives, the internal combustion engine will be further improved, being accompanied by the development and progressive implementation of breakthrough technologies, such as electrified propulsion. A stronger internal market and smart regulation.

Auto Industry

Auto Industry 2020 Industrial Industry

First fleet of 100 Mercedes-Benz Vito E-Cell electric vans covers 650,000 km in customer use; more model variants planned

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 17, 2012

Mercedes-Benz delivered the first vehicles for field testing to testing partners in Berlin at the beginning of September 2010, and in Stuttgart in January 2011. The batteries of Vito E-CELL vans are recharged at these locations outside of operating hours. Manufacturing and model variants. Charging technology.

Mercedes

Mercedes Fleet Stimulus Package MPH

Deloitte global survey gauges consumer prospects for EVs in China, Europe and Americas; China leads

Green Car Congress

APRIL 19, 2011

Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited’s (DTTL) Global Manufacturing Industry group conducted a global survey to explore consumer adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). The survey, conducted among 1,163 consumers in China, coincides with the 14 th Shanghai International Automobile Industry Exhibition (Auto Shanghai 2011) this week.

China

China Europe America Global

Deloitte suggests Gen Y’s embrace of hybrid vehicles may be auto market’s tipping point

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 19, 2012

Deloitte conducted the survey in September and October 2011. Further, the survey shows that Gen Y respondents are married to the convenience of traditional gasoline-powered automobiles, strongly preferring powertrains that do not require plug-in recharging. Gen Y consumers also view hybrid technology as proven and reliable.

Hybrid

Hybrid Auto Vehicles Automobile

PHEVLERs are the Zero CO2 Clean Green Machines of the Future

Green Car Congress

APRIL 22, 2016

On the other hand, drivers of other vehicles waste considerable time making special trips to refuel their internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles at the liquid fuel station or their battery electric vehicle (BEV) at the rapid recharging station. BEVs have an ongoing problem with range anxiety. [ 3 ] PHEVLER - EAA-PHEV Wiki. [

Clean

Clean Cleaning Future Green

Velozzi Will Use Capstone Microturbines in Supercar and Crossover Extended Range Electric Vehicles

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 4, 2010

Velozzi, a Los Angeles-based car designer and manufacturer, will integrate Capstone Turbine’s C65 and C30 microturbines into its electric supercar and a crossover vehicle, respectively. The supercar will be available late this year, while the SOLO will be available in 2011, said Velozzi CEO, Roberto Velozzi. Earlier post.).

Extended Range

Extended Range Electric Vehicles Range Vehicles

Ford Testing Intelligent System for Plug-in Vehicle to Grid Communication to Manage Charging

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 18, 2009

The new technology, which builds on Ford technologies such as SYNC, SmartGauge with EcoGuide and Ford Work Solutions—allows the vehicle operator to program when to recharge the vehicle, for how long and at what utility rate. Magna International, the supplier jointly developing the Ford Focus battery electric vehicle passenger car for 2011.

Grid

Grid Plug-in Plug Ford

Jaguar provides some details on its concept hybrid C-X16 to be introduced at Frankfurt

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 7, 2011

Jaguar has released details of the C-X16 concept ahead of its world debut at the 2011 Frankfurt Motor Show. The battery is constantly and automatically recharged, the entire system overseen by a Hybrid Vehicle Supervisory Controller. The concept hybrid C-X16. Click to enlarge.

Concept

Concept Hybrid MPH Land Rover

autoPOLIS report suggests tackling automotive environmental and energy problems from the market end first, rather than by technology push; need for a new transportation model

Green Car Congress

APRIL 25, 2011

Source: Wormald 2011. There will very likely be a new set of leaders, different from the vehicle manufacturers of today.serious negative externalities have moved in on the industry. And, lastly, the fact is, the internal combustion engine is not that good on tank-to-wheels (TTW) efficiency in transients. Click to enlarge.

Transportation

Transportation Market Energy Oil

Hyundai Debuts Sonata Hybrid at New York Show

Green Car Congress

MARCH 31, 2010

As promised ( earlier post ), Hyundai unveiled the Sonata Hybrid at the New York International Auto Show. 2011 Sonata. 2011 Camry. Sonata’s hybrid system stores its electrical charge in a 34 kW lithium polymer rechargeable battery (5.3Ah/270V) from LG Chem. The Sonata Hybrid system. Click to enlarge. 2010 Altima.

Nickel Metal Hydride

Nickel Metal Hydride New York Hyundai Hybrid

Peugeot unveils hybrid scooter concept

Green Cars News

NOVEMBER 11, 2009

Over the last seven days we have had several news stories about Renault’s green advancements – but its fellow French manufacturer Peugeot is determined not to be left behind. At the Milan International Cycle and Motorbike Show, the company unveiled a three-wheel drive hybrid scooter concept known as the Hybrid3 Evolution.

Concept

Concept Hybrid Petrol Lithium Ion

Honda Debuts Production Version of 2011 CR-Z Sport Hybrid Coupe

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 11, 2010

The 2011 Honda CR-Z EX. Honda introduced the 2011 Honda CR-Z sport hybrid coupe at the North American International Auto Show. The 10 kW electric motor assists in acceleration and also acts as a generator during braking or coasting to capture kinetic energy that recharges the 100V IMA NiMH battery pack. Click to enlarge.

Honda

Honda 2011 Hybrid Fuel Economy

Who is winning the green car race? Part II. The Green Piece

Green Cars News

NOVEMBER 2, 2009

Founded in 2003, Silicon Valley based Tesla Motors is currently the only car manufacturer in the US or Europe manufacturing and selling highway capable electric vehicles in serial production. It is also working on production of the Model S saloon car, which is planned for release in 2011 and has already received 1,500 pre-orders.

Green Cars

Green Cars Green Fisker Parts

NYC Goes EV

Revenge of the Electric Car

APRIL 6, 2010

Instead, while you recharge your battery after a long day at work, your new electric car could be recharging as well. The Chevrolet Volt and the Nissan Leaf will lead the way, with others manufacturers including Ford, Mitsubishi, Toyota, and Tesla planning to introduce their electric cars sometime between 2011 and 2012.

New York City

New York City New York Obama Tax Credit

AECOM study finds EV adoption in Victoria can offer significant economic benefits by late 2020s; PHEVs initially lead uptake

Green Car Congress

JULY 12, 2011

The EVT will collect real-world information on the use of electric vehicles in Victorian conditions, including information on the market for electric vehicles, both initially and as it matures; impacts of the use of electric vehicles on driver behavior, recharging, vehicle performance and efficiency; and. Scenario 1.

PHEV

PHEV Oil Prices Australia Price

How Umicore is ensuring sustainability in the North American EV battery chain

Charged EVs

FEBRUARY 6, 2024

Umicore is actively working with cell manufacturers to advance SSB tech, and recently opened a material prototyping center in Belgium that supports all the steps in SSB production, from formulation to testing. Robert Privette: Rechargeable batteries are among the building blocks for the green energy transition.

North America

North America Batteries Battery Supplies

Perspective: Drive Star Conversion Program Could Cut US Oil Use in Half by 2020

Green Car Congress

JUNE 14, 2010

We won’t need new power plants, since we have enough off-peak electricity to recharge as many retrofits as we can build. After our one-year test, in summer 2011, we’ll be ready to create a powerful new US conversion industry. Drive Star will turn out to be a bargain.

Oil

Oil Conversion 2020 Oil-Sands

IEA World Energy Outlook view on the transport sector to 2035; passenger car fleet doubling to almost 1.7B units, driving oil demand up to 99 mb/d; reconfirming the end of cheap oil

Green Car Congress

NOVEMBER 13, 2011

The International Energy Agency (IEA) last week launched the 2011 edition of the World Energy Outlook (WEO), the current edition of its annual flagship publication assessing the threats and opportunities facing the global energy system out to 2035. —WEO 2011. —WEO 2011. Click to enlarge.

Oil

Oil Transportation Cheap Fleet

How Umicore is ensuring sustainability in the North American EV battery chain – Charged EVs

Baua Electric

FEBRUARY 6, 2024

Umicore is actively working with cell manufacturers to advance SSB tech, and recently opened a material prototyping center in Belgium that supports all the steps in SSB production, from formulation to testing. Robert Privette: Rechargeable batteries are among the building blocks for the green energy transition.

North America

North America Batteries Battery Charging

APL sensor gives advance warning of catastrophic failure in Li-ion batteries

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 21, 2011

The sensor is based on the researchers’ discovery of an intrinsic relationship between the internal temperature of lithium-ion cells and an easily measured electrical parameter of the cell. APL has applied for US and international patents for the sensor and is pursuing licensing opportunities. —Rengaswamy Srinivasan. Butler, M.E.

Li-ion

Li-ion Lithium Ion Batteries Battery

Hydro-Québec pulls in $22M in licensing fees for manufacture of Li-ion rechargeable battery materials in Q3

NEST Energy Systems and International Battery to demonstrate Vehicle Integrated Power Unit Regulator at USMC ExFOB

ANSI releases for public comment draft roadmap of standards and codes for EVs at scale

Volvo Car Corporation to start demonstration program of electric cars in Shanghai

ANSI publishes Roadmap Of Standards And Codes For Electric Vehicles At Scale; 37 standardization gaps

Axeon supplying two 25 kWh Li-ion packs for range-extended electric van concepts

LA Metro to purchase up to 25 new BYD electric buses as part of $30M pilot project

Pike Research forecasts China plug-in market to reach 152,000 units/year by 2017, falling short of government targets; BEVs to dominate

Updated IEA EV/PHEV roadmap finds announced production plans for electric vehicles far below sales targets set by countries

DOD awards EaglePicher $22M under DPA Title III to expand Li-ion production capabilities; 250 Wh/kg

Peugeot Launches New Marque Plan with Downsizing, Hybrids and Plug-ins for Two-, Three- and Four-Wheeled Vehicles; Unveils SR1 Hybrid Concept

Axion Power and ePower Engine Systems enter 5-year agreement for use of PbC batteries in diesel-electric drivetrains for Class 8 trucks; tests suggest up to 35% improvement in fuel economy

24M emerges from stealth mode with new semi-solid Li-ion cell; <$100/kWh by 2020

Volvo to unveil XC60 gasoline-electric Plug-in Hybrid Concept at Detroit show; system targeted for US and China markets

Expert panel report finds achieving 1M plug-in vehicles in US by 2015 would require concentrated action to overcome barriers

Tier 1 HELLA evaluating PowerGenix NiZn batteries for 48V mild hybrid vehicles

Fisker reports more than $100M in revenue Jan-Apr 2012; more than $1B in funding since 2007

Ernst Young Survey Finds Roughly 60% of Chinese Consumers Would Consider Purchasing a Plug-in Vehicle

Consumer Electronics Assn Study Finds 40% of American Adults Likely to Test Drive an EV

3D self-assembling nanostructure for cathodes enables very rapid charge and discharge without sacrificing capacity; potential for EVs

Calif. Energy Commission approves energy efficiency rules for battery charger systems; automotive chargers exempted

Montana Company Licenses Lawrence Livermore Zinc Air Fuel Cell Technology

UK Government Announces £5,000 Grants Towards Purchase of Electric Drive Vehicles and First Plugged-in Places

ZAP, Zhejiang Jonway Partner to Target China and Export EV Markets

EC rolls out CARS 2020 action plan for European auto industry

First fleet of 100 Mercedes-Benz Vito E-Cell electric vans covers 650,000 km in customer use; more model variants planned

Deloitte global survey gauges consumer prospects for EVs in China, Europe and Americas; China leads

Deloitte suggests Gen Y’s embrace of hybrid vehicles may be auto market’s tipping point

PHEVLERs are the Zero CO2 Clean Green Machines of the Future

Velozzi Will Use Capstone Microturbines in Supercar and Crossover Extended Range Electric Vehicles

Ford Testing Intelligent System for Plug-in Vehicle to Grid Communication to Manage Charging

Jaguar provides some details on its concept hybrid C-X16 to be introduced at Frankfurt

autoPOLIS report suggests tackling automotive environmental and energy problems from the market end first, rather than by technology push; need for a new transportation model

Hyundai Debuts Sonata Hybrid at New York Show

Peugeot unveils hybrid scooter concept

Honda Debuts Production Version of 2011 CR-Z Sport Hybrid Coupe

Who is winning the green car race? Part II. The Green Piece

NYC Goes EV

AECOM study finds EV adoption in Victoria can offer significant economic benefits by late 2020s; PHEVs initially lead uptake

How Umicore is ensuring sustainability in the North American EV battery chain

Perspective: Drive Star Conversion Program Could Cut US Oil Use in Half by 2020

IEA World Energy Outlook view on the transport sector to 2035; passenger car fleet doubling to almost 1.7B units, driving oil demand up to 99 mb/d; reconfirming the end of cheap oil

How Umicore is ensuring sustainability in the North American EV battery chain – Charged EVs

APL sensor gives advance warning of catastrophic failure in Li-ion batteries

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