Coal, Global, Oil and Transportation

IEA: global oil demand to decline in 2020 as coronavirus weighs on markets

Green Car Congress

MARCH 10, 2020

Global oil demand is expected to decline in 2020 as the impact of the new coronavirus (COVID-19) spreads around the world, constricting travel and broader economic activity, according to the International Energy Agency’s (IEA’s) latest oil market forecast. The IEA now sees global oil demand at 99.9

Oil

Oil 2020 Global Market

IEA: global CO2 emissions rebounded to their highest level in history in 2021; largely driven by China

Green Car Congress

MARCH 9, 2022

Global energy-related carbon dioxide emissions rose by 6% in 2021 to 36.3 billion tonnes, their highest ever level, as the world economy rebounded strongly from the COVID-19 crisis and relied heavily on coal to power that growth, according to new IEA analysis. billion tonnes, accounting for 33% of the global total.

Emissions

Emissions Global Coal China

EIA projects increases in global energy consumption and emissions through 2050

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 7, 2021

In its International Energy Outlook 2021 (IEO2021), EIA projects that strong economic growth, particularly with developing economies in Asia, will drive global increases in energy consumption despite pandemic-related declines and long-term improvements in energy efficiency. —EIA Acting Administrator Stephen Nalley.

Global

Global Energy Emissions Asia

Global Carbon Project: Global carbon emissions growth slows, but hits record high

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 5, 2019

Driven by rising natural gas and oil consumption, levels of CO 2 are expected to hit 37 billion metric tons this year, according to new estimates from the Global Carbon Project (GCP), an initiative led by Stanford University scientist Rob Jackson. and China account for more than half of all carbon dioxide emissions globally.

Carbon

Carbon Global Emissions Climate Change

Study finds total greenhouse gas footprint of blue hydrogen “quite high” due to fugitive methane

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 13, 2021

“Blue” hydrogen—produced through steam methane reforming (SMR) of natural gas or coal gasification, but with CO 2 capture and storage—is being described as having low or zero carbon emissions. Carbon dioxide emissions, including emissions from developing, processing, and transporting the fuels, are shown in orange.

Hydrogen

Hydrogen Gas Coal Exhaust

IEA: global energy efficiency progress drops to slowest rate since start of decade

Green Car Congress

NOVEMBER 4, 2019

Energy efficiency has tremendous potential to boost economic growth and avoid greenhouse gas emissions, but the global rate of progress is slowing, according to a new report by the International Energy Agency. Global primary energy demand rose by 2.3% Global primary energy demand rose by 2.3% of total transport final demand.

Global

Global Energy 2018 Coal

IEA: improving efficiency of road-freight transport critical to reduce oil-demand growth; three areas of focus

Green Car Congress

JULY 3, 2017

Improving the efficiency of road-freight transport is critical to reducing the growth in oil demand, carbon emissions and air pollution over the next decades, according to the International Energy Agency’s latest report, The Future of Trucks: Implications for energy and the environment.

Oil

Oil Transportation Alternative Fuels Fuel Economy

BNEF, Snam, IGU report finds global gas industry set to resume growth post-pandemic; low-carbon technologies for long-term growth

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 7, 2020

After growing by more than 2% in 2019, global gas use is set to fall by around 4% in 2020, as the COVID-19 pandemic reduces energy consumption across the global economies. The report shows that medium-term growth will come from increasing cost-competitiveness and increased global access to gas.

Gas

Gas Global Industrial Industry

BNEF: Net-zero transition potentially a $3.5T investment opportunity for Indonesia

Green Car Congress

NOVEMBER 13, 2022

The global net zero transition can represent a $3.5-trillion Today, coal-fired plants meet more than 60% of Indonesia’s power demand. Under the ETS, coal’s share rises to a peak of 74% by 2027 and then declines to 24% in 2050. —Allen Tom Abraham, BNEF’s Asia-Pacific lead transport analyst. trillion under the NZS.

Indonesia

Indonesia Coal Lithium Ion Asia

Study from Thuringia shows 50% of harmful soot comes from local sources, 50% from long-distance transport

Green Car Congress

JUNE 12, 2021

Soot particles from oil and wood heating systems as well as road traffic can pollute the air in Europe on a much larger scale than previously assumed. Aerosol particles in the atmosphere affect global climate, human health and ecosystems. More than half of the eBC (52%) was associated with long-range transport (i.e.,

Transportation

Transportation Germany Climate Change Climate

Haldor Topsoe and Yanchang form joint venture and build methanol catalyst facility in China

Green Car Congress

JULY 29, 2021

Shaanxi Yangchang Petroleum, an energy & chemical giant in China, is engaged in efficient development, comprehensive utilization and deep conversion of petroleum, natural gas, coal, and other resources, ranking 265 among the Fortune Global Top 500. The year of 1907 saw the foundation of the first oil well in mainland China by Yanchang.

China

China Building Coal Chinese

BP Energy Outlook: 30% growth in global demand to 2035; fuel demand continues to rise, even with EVs & fuel efficiency

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 25, 2017

The 2017 edition of the BP Energy Outlook , published today, forecasts that global demand for energy will increase by around 30% between 2015 and 2035, an average growth of 1.3% per year rise expected in global GDP, reflecting improved energy efficiency driven by technology improvements and environmental concerns. billion by 2035.

Global

Global Fuel Energy Oil

ExxonMobil predicts peak in light-duty vehicle liquid fuels ~2030, but ongoing role for oil in the mix

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 5, 2018

ExxonMobil’s newly released Outlook for Energy: A View to 2040 anticipates that global energy needs will rise about 25% over the period to 2040, led by non-OECD countries. The Outlook projects that global transportation-related energy demand will increase by close to 30% by 2040. —T.J. Source: ExxonMobil. Click to enlarge.

Light

Light Oil Fuel Vehicles

IEA: carbon intensity of global energy supply has barely changed in last 20 years; “window of opportunity in transport”

Green Car Congress

APRIL 18, 2013

In a fairly bleak assessment of global progress towards low-carbon energy, the International Energy Agency (IEA) concluded that, despite a few bright spots such as the rapid expansion of renewable technologies and the growth of hybrid and EV sales, the progress is far below that required to achieve a 2 °C pathway—i.e., Source: IEA.

Carbon

Carbon Supplies Global Transportation

PBL/JRC: Global CO2 emissions increase to new all-time record in 2013, but growth is slowing down

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 18, 2014

Global CO 2 emissions from fossil fuel use and cement production reached a new all-time high in 2013, according to the annual report “Trends in global CO2 emissions”, released by PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency and the European Joint Research Centre (JRC). In 2013, global CO 2 emissions grew to the new record of 35.3

2013

2013 Emissions Global CO2

EIA: world energy consumption to grow 56% 2010-2040, CO2 up 46%; use of liquid fuels in transportation up 38%

Green Car Congress

JULY 25, 2013

Natural gas is the fastest-growing fossil fuel, as global supplies of tight gas, shale gas, and coalbed methane increase. The Brent crude oil spot price averaged $112 per barrel in 2012, and EIA’s July 2013 Short-Term Energy Outlook projects averages of $105 per barrel in 2013 and $100 per barrel in 2014. Liquid fuels.

2010

2010 Transportation Fuel Energy

IEA WEO-2012 finds major shift in global energy balance but not onto a more sustainable path; identifies potential for transformative shift in global energy efficiency

Green Car Congress

NOVEMBER 12, 2012

The global energy map is changing significantly, according to the 2012 edition of the Internal Energy Agency’s (IEA) World Energy Outlook ( WEO-2012 ). The IEA said these changes will recast expectations about the role of different countries, regions and fuels in the global energy system over the coming decades. Energy demand.

Global

Global 2012 Energy Oil

EIA projects decline in transportation sector energy consumption through 2037 despite increase in VMT, followed by increase

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 28, 2019

For the Transportation sector, EIA projects that energy consumption will decline between 2019 and 2037 (in the Reference case) because increases in fuel economy more than offset growth in vehicle miles traveled (VMT). This growth arises from increases in air transportation outpacing increases in aircraft fuel efficiency.

Transportation

Transportation Energy Fuel Economy 2018

MIT Report Finds Natural Gas Has Significant Potential to Displace Coal, Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Role in Transportation More Limited

Green Car Congress

JUNE 26, 2010

Natural gas will play a leading role in reducing greenhouse-gas emissions over the next several decades, largely by replacing older, inefficient coal plants with highly efficient combined-cycle gas generation, according to a major new interim report out from MIT. The first two reports dealt with nuclear power (2003) and coal (2007).

MIT

MIT Coal Gas Emissions

Steep increase in global CO2 emissions despite reductions by industrialized countries; driven by power generation and road transport

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 21, 2011

Global CO 2. After a decline in global CO 2 emissions in 2009 of 1% (including a. correction for the leap year 2008), global emissions have. After a decline in global CO 2 emissions in 2009 of 1% (including a. correction for the leap year 2008), global emissions have. Indexed global CO 2. Source: JRC.

Global

Global Emissions Industrial Industry

IEA: Global CO2 emissions up by 1.0 Gt (3.2%) in 2011 to record high

Green Car Congress

MAY 24, 2012

Global CO 2 emissions from fossil-fuel combustion reached a record high of 31.6 Coal accounted for 45% of total energy-related CO 2 emissions in 2011, followed by oil (35%) and natural gas (20%). gigatonnes (Gt) in 2011, according to preliminary estimates from the International Energy Agency (IEA). Gt on 2010, or 3.2%.

2011

2011 Global Emissions CO2

ExxonMobil: global GDP up ~140% by 2040, but energy demand ~35% due to efficiency; LDV energy demand to rise only slightly despite doubling parc

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 10, 2014

As the world population increases by the estimated 30% from 2010 to 2040, ExxonMobil sees global GDP rising by about 140%, but energy demand by only about 35% due to greater efficiency. The Outlook for Energy provides ExxonMobil’s long-term view of global energy demand and supply. Click to enlarge. Outlook for Energy.

Energy

Energy Global 2010 Oil-Sands

Stanford, UC Santa Cruz study explores ramifications of demand-driven peak to conventional oil

Green Car Congress

JULY 2, 2013

In contrast to arguments that peak conventional oil production is imminent due to physical resource scarcity, a team from Stanford University and UC Santa Cruz has examined the alternative possibility of reduced oil use due to improved efficiency and oil substitution.

Oil

Oil Oil-Sands Fuel Economy Transportation

Global CO2 emissions up 3% in 2011; per capita CO2 emissions in China reach EU levels

Green Car Congress

JULY 20, 2012

Global emissions of CO 2 increased by 3% last year, according to the annual report “Trends in global CO 2 emissions”, released by the EC Joint Research Centre (JRC) and the Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL). At 3%, the 2011 increase in global CO 2 emissions is above the past decade’s average annual increase of 2.7%.

2011

2011 Emissions CO2 Global

Shell to build LNG units in Gulf Coast and Great Lakes regions; two additional LNG for transport corridors in North America

Green Car Congress

MARCH 5, 2013

These two units will form the basis of two new LNG transport corridors in the Great Lakes and Gulf Coast regions. Once operational, this unit will supply LNG along the Mississippi River, the Intra-Coastal Waterway and to the offshore Gulf of Mexico and the onshore oil and gas exploration areas of Texas and Louisiana. Earlier post.)

North America

North America Transportation America Building

Transcanada restarts Keystone oil sands pipeline operations

Green Car Congress

JUNE 6, 2011

TransCanada Corporation said that its 590,000 barrel-per-day (bpd) capacity Keystone Pipeline system resumed transporting oil sands crude on Sunday, 5 June, after a shutdown 29 May following an above-ground spill at a pump station in Kansas involving less than 10 barrels of oil. Click to enlarge. Earlier post.)

Oil-Sands

Oil-Sands Oil North Dakota Oklahoma

BP Energy Outlook 2030 sees emerging economies leading energy growth to 2030; global CO2 emissions from energy well above IEA 450 scenario

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 19, 2011

Over the same period, energy intensity, a key measure of energy use per unit of economic output, is set to improve globally led by rapid efficiency gains in the same non-OECD economies, under these projections. OECD oil demand peaked in 2005 and in 2030 is projected to be roughly back at its level in 1990. Coal will increase by 1.2%

Energy

Energy Economy Global Oil-Sands

MIT researchers build model simulating atmospheric transport of PAHs; how chemicals get to the Arctic

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 11, 2012

MIT researchers have built a model to simulate long-range atmospheric transport of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). For emerging contaminants in the Arctic, we need to know more about their sources, environmental behavior, and transport pathways in order to regulate them more effectively. —Noelle Selin, lead researcher.

MIT

MIT Transportation Rhode Island Building

Annual Increase in Global CO2 Emissions Halved in 2008; Decrease in Fossil Oil Consumption, Increase in Renewables Share

Green Car Congress

JUNE 26, 2009

Global CO 2 emissions from fuel use and cement production by region. In addition to high oil prices and the financial crisis, the increased use of new renewable energy sources, such as biofuels for road transport and wind energy for electricity generation, had a noticeable and mitigating impact on CO 2 emissions. Source: PBL.

2008

2008 Oil Renewable Emissions

Stealth Ventures Ltd. and Clean Coal Ltd. Partner on Underground Coal Gasification Project in Nova Scotia

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 24, 2009

has entered into an agreement with Clean Coal Ltd., an internationally based company whose technical team is based in the United Kingdom, for the development of an Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) project in Nova Scotia. Clean Coal Ltd. Clean Coal Ltd. Clean Coal Ltd. Stealth Ventures Ltd. Stealth Ventures Ltd.

Coal

Coal Clean Cleaning United Kingdom

ExxonMobil to invest >$1B in Antwerp refinery to convert heavy, higher sulfur residual oil into diesel, other products

Green Car Congress

JULY 2, 2014

plans to invest more than $1 billion to install a new delayed coker unit at its Antwerp refinery to convert heavy, higher sulfur residual oils into transportation fuels products such as marine gasoil and diesel fuel. The investment addresses an industry shortfall in capability to convert fuel oil to products such as diesel.

Convert

Convert Oil Diesel Production

Northwestern/Princeton study explores air quality impacts of aggressive conversion to EVs

Green Car Congress

APRIL 15, 2019

The exponentially increasing global market share of EVs has prompted research on their efficacy in reducing greenhouse gases, but comparatively little effort has focused on their impact on air quality. This despite evidence that suggests air pollution impacts from the transportation sector exceed those from greenhouse gases. …

Conversion

Conversion Jordan Ozone Coal

Tsinghua University provincial-level lifecycle study finds fuel-cycle criteria pollutants of EVs in China could be up to 5x those of natural gas vehicles due to China’s coal-dominant power mix

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 12, 2013

In regions where the share of coal-based electricity is relatively low, EVs can achieve substantial GHG reduction, the team reports in a paper in the ACS journal Environmental Science & Technology. According to the 12 th Five-Year Plan of the China Coal Industry (2011?2015)

Coal

Coal Pollution China Gas

Rice study finds using natural gas for electricity and heating, not transportation, more effective in reducing GHGs

Green Car Congress

MARCH 9, 2016

Rice University researchers have determined a more effective way to use natural gas to reduce climate-warming emissions would be in the replacement of existing coal-fired power plants and fuel-oil furnaces rather than burning it in cars and buses. —Cohan and Sengupta (2016).

Gas-Electric

Gas-Electric Gas Transportation Coal

IEA: time to tap into hydrogen’s potential to play a key role in a clean, secure and affordable energy future

Green Car Congress

JUNE 15, 2019

It offers ways to decarbonize a range of sectors—including long-haul transport, chemicals, and iron and steel—where it is proving difficult to meaningfully reduce emissions. A wide variety of fuels are able to produce hydrogen, including renewables, nuclear, natural gas, coal and oil.

Clean

Clean Cleaning Affordable Future

Sasol and ITOCHU to partner on green ammonia and hydrogen

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 5, 2022

Green ammonia is an excellent energy carrier especially over long-distances and can be easily transported. Given South Africa’s excellent solar, wind and precious metals resources, the country is poised to become a global hub for green hydrogen and its derivatives, such as ammonia and sustainable aviation fuels.

South Africa

South Africa Hydrogen Green Africa

Researchers Suggest That Although CCS and Other Technologies Could Reduce Oil Sands GHG Emissions to Near Zero, That Strategy May Not Make Sense

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 15, 2010

Examples of emerging oil sands related technologies and trade-offs. The paper is an examination of how various choices about the scale of the life cycle analysis applied to oil sands (i.e., The source material is neither oil nor tar but bitumen, but is most generally described as an example of ultraheavy oil.”.

Oil-Sands

Oil-Sands Oil Emissions Coal

EIA 2035 reference case projects drop in US imports of petroleum due to modest economic growth, increased efficiency, growing domestic oil production, and biofuels

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 23, 2012

AEO2012 also projects that efficiency improvements mostly offset underlying drivers of growth in transportation services. Under the Reference case, domestic crude oil production is expected to grow by more than 20% over the coming decade; already, domestic crude oil production increased from 5.1 Click to enlarge.

Oil

Oil 2005 Production 2010

Study: air pollution caused 1.1M deaths across Africa in 2019, toll from outdoor pollution rising

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 11, 2021

—Philip Landrigan, director of Boston College’s Global Observatory on Pollution and Health. Africa is part of a global toll taken by air pollution, which killed an estimated 6.7 The African continent is undergoing a massive transformation, the co-authors note. billion in 2020 to 4.3 billion by 2100. Only AIDS causes more deaths.

Africa

Africa Pollution 2019 Ethiopia

UMTRI study shows wide global variability in GHG emissions from operating an EV

Green Car Congress

NOVEMBER 7, 2017

A team at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute (UMTRI) study has assessed the relative amounts of greenhouse-gas emissions from driving a battery-electric vehicle (BEV) compared with greenhouse-gas emissions from driving a traditional gasoline-powered vehicle in different countries of the world. MPG ghg (0.05

Emissions

Emissions Albania Botswana MPG

Argonne study finds shale gas GHG lifecycle emissions 6% lower than natural gas, 23% lower than gasoline and 33% lower than coal; upstream methane leakage a key contributor

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 18, 2011

Gasoline section shows results for fuel derived from both conventional oil and oil sands. The development of this resource has generated interest in expanding NG usage in areas such as electricity generation and transportation. Expansion bars show the components of fuel production. Credit: ACS, Burnham et al. Click to enlarge.

Gas

Gas Coal Emissions Gasoline

NRDC says Baard Energy agrees to switch from coal to natural gas for feedstock for proposed synthetic fuel plant in Ohio to avoid further permit challenges

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 15, 2011

The Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) issued a press release on Friday saying that Baard Energy had agreed to a settlement entailing their switching from coal as a feedstock for its planned coal/biomass-to-liquids Ohio River Clean Fuels plant ( earlier post ) to natural gas. Earlier post.). —Sierra Club’s Nachy Kanfer.

Ohio

Ohio Coal Sierra Gas

MITEI releases report on Electrification of the Transportation System

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 13, 2011

The MIT Energy Initiative (MITEI) has released a report on the proceedings—and papers that informed those proceedings—of the 8 April 2010 symposium on The Electrification of the Transportation System: Issues and Opportunities. Currently, petroleum almost exclusively fuels the United States (US) transportation system.

Transportation

Transportation MIT Oil Prices Oil

Understanding the variability of GHG life cycle studies of oil sands production

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 6, 2012

In a paper published in the ACS journal Environmental Science & Technology , Stanford University assistant professor Adam Brandt reviews a number of recent life cycle assessment (LCA) studies calculating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from oil sands extraction, upgrading, and refining pathways—the results of which vary considerably.

Oil-Sands

Oil-Sands Oil Production Emissions

IEA: global oil demand to decline in 2020 as coronavirus weighs on markets

IEA: global CO2 emissions rebounded to their highest level in history in 2021; largely driven by China

EIA projects increases in global energy consumption and emissions through 2050

Global Carbon Project: Global carbon emissions growth slows, but hits record high

Study finds total greenhouse gas footprint of blue hydrogen “quite high” due to fugitive methane

IEA: global energy efficiency progress drops to slowest rate since start of decade

IEA: improving efficiency of road-freight transport critical to reduce oil-demand growth; three areas of focus

BNEF, Snam, IGU report finds global gas industry set to resume growth post-pandemic; low-carbon technologies for long-term growth

BNEF: Net-zero transition potentially a $3.5T investment opportunity for Indonesia

Study from Thuringia shows 50% of harmful soot comes from local sources, 50% from long-distance transport

Haldor Topsoe and Yanchang form joint venture and build methanol catalyst facility in China

BP Energy Outlook: 30% growth in global demand to 2035; fuel demand continues to rise, even with EVs & fuel efficiency

ExxonMobil predicts peak in light-duty vehicle liquid fuels ~2030, but ongoing role for oil in the mix

IEA: carbon intensity of global energy supply has barely changed in last 20 years; “window of opportunity in transport”

PBL/JRC: Global CO2 emissions increase to new all-time record in 2013, but growth is slowing down

EIA: world energy consumption to grow 56% 2010-2040, CO2 up 46%; use of liquid fuels in transportation up 38%

IEA WEO-2012 finds major shift in global energy balance but not onto a more sustainable path; identifies potential for transformative shift in global energy efficiency

EIA projects decline in transportation sector energy consumption through 2037 despite increase in VMT, followed by increase

MIT Report Finds Natural Gas Has Significant Potential to Displace Coal, Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Role in Transportation More Limited

Steep increase in global CO2 emissions despite reductions by industrialized countries; driven by power generation and road transport

IEA: Global CO2 emissions up by 1.0 Gt (3.2%) in 2011 to record high

ExxonMobil: global GDP up ~140% by 2040, but energy demand ~35% due to efficiency; LDV energy demand to rise only slightly despite doubling parc

Stanford, UC Santa Cruz study explores ramifications of demand-driven peak to conventional oil

Global CO2 emissions up 3% in 2011; per capita CO2 emissions in China reach EU levels

Shell to build LNG units in Gulf Coast and Great Lakes regions; two additional LNG for transport corridors in North America

Transcanada restarts Keystone oil sands pipeline operations

BP Energy Outlook 2030 sees emerging economies leading energy growth to 2030; global CO2 emissions from energy well above IEA 450 scenario

MIT researchers build model simulating atmospheric transport of PAHs; how chemicals get to the Arctic

Annual Increase in Global CO2 Emissions Halved in 2008; Decrease in Fossil Oil Consumption, Increase in Renewables Share

Stealth Ventures Ltd. and Clean Coal Ltd. Partner on Underground Coal Gasification Project in Nova Scotia

ExxonMobil to invest >$1B in Antwerp refinery to convert heavy, higher sulfur residual oil into diesel, other products

Northwestern/Princeton study explores air quality impacts of aggressive conversion to EVs

Tsinghua University provincial-level lifecycle study finds fuel-cycle criteria pollutants of EVs in China could be up to 5x those of natural gas vehicles due to China’s coal-dominant power mix

Rice study finds using natural gas for electricity and heating, not transportation, more effective in reducing GHGs

IEA: time to tap into hydrogen’s potential to play a key role in a clean, secure and affordable energy future

Sasol and ITOCHU to partner on green ammonia and hydrogen

Researchers Suggest That Although CCS and Other Technologies Could Reduce Oil Sands GHG Emissions to Near Zero, That Strategy May Not Make Sense

EIA 2035 reference case projects drop in US imports of petroleum due to modest economic growth, increased efficiency, growing domestic oil production, and biofuels

Study: air pollution caused 1.1M deaths across Africa in 2019, toll from outdoor pollution rising

UMTRI study shows wide global variability in GHG emissions from operating an EV

Argonne study finds shale gas GHG lifecycle emissions 6% lower than natural gas, 23% lower than gasoline and 33% lower than coal; upstream methane leakage a key contributor

NRDC says Baard Energy agrees to switch from coal to natural gas for feedstock for proposed synthetic fuel plant in Ohio to avoid further permit challenges

MITEI releases report on Electrification of the Transportation System

Understanding the variability of GHG life cycle studies of oil sands production

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