Green Car Congress

JULY 9, 2009

Researchers in France have found that ozone depletion above Antarctica has significantly reduced the Southern Ocean’s ability to absorb atmospheric CO 2 and has also accelerated acidification of southern polar waters, despite lesser CO 2 uptake. The results revealed that, between 1987 and 2004, around 2.3 Lenton, A., Tagliabue, and J.

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Ozone Carbon 2004 Water 150

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APRIL 30, 2010

The US, Canada, and Mexico have submitted a proposal to strengthen climate protection under the Montreal Protocol— the international treaty that phases out the production of a number of substances responsible for ozone depletion. The proposal targets the production and use of HFCs, a group of “super” greenhouse gases. Source: IGSD.

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Ozone Micronesia Climate Protection Climate 170

Green Car Congress

NOVEMBER 10, 2011

This is slightly higher than the 2009 AGGI, which was 1.27—i.e., It also includes several chemicals known to deplete Earth’s protective ozone layer, which are also active as greenhouse gases. Methane measured 1794 ppb in 2009, and 1714 ppb in 1990. Started in 2004, the AGGI reached 1.29 in 2010—i.e., —i.e.,

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2010 Gas Ozone 2004 199

Green Car Congress

JULY 19, 2013

Details of each of the three cases are as follows: Chevron paid $205,000 for supplying more than 385,000 gallons of gasoline in violation of California reformulated gasoline regulations between mid-June 2009 and Aug. Dispensed from Chevron terminals in Sacramento and San Jose, the fuel did not contain adequate amounts of ethanol.

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Chevron California San Jose Fuel 230

Green Car Congress

MARCH 8, 2013

Mobile air conditioning systems are the single most important source of fluorinated greenhouse gases, due mainly to high emissions during their operation and their large numbers, noted Germany’s Umweltbundesamt in a 2009 publication on CO 2 systems. R1234yf (GWP = 4) ( earlier post ) is also a class A2 refrigerant. Craig, and James A.

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Future CO2 2009 Climate 311

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OCTOBER 14, 2009

2009), reproduced from Ramanathan and Feng (2008) Click to enlarge. HFCs are powerful greenhouse gases originally developed as substitutes for ozone-depleting chemicals. The Montreal Protocol has already delayed climate change by seven to 12 years, and put the ozone layer on the path to recovery later this century. Ramanathan.

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Climate Change Climate Pollution Ozone 186

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 30, 2009

And hydroxyls drive long chains of reactions involving other common gases, including ozone. That’s noteworthy because nitrogen oxides have primarily been associated with ozone formation and warming in the past. Bauer (2009) Improved Attribution of Climate Forcing to Emissions. Shindell, D.T., Faluvegi, D.M. Schmidt, N.

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Climate Change Climate Ozone Pollution 268

Green Car Congress

JUNE 27, 2014

After ten years in orbit, the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on NASA’s Aura satellite has been in orbit sufficiently long to show that people in major US cities are breathing less nitrogen dioxide. They show how nitrogen dioxide concentrations during spring and summer months, averaged from 2005-2007, compare to the average from 2009-2011.

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Ozone Maryland Pollution 2005 210

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 15, 2020

Under the proposed settlement, lodged with the US District Court for the District of Columbia, Daimler will recall and repair the emissions systems in Mercedes-Benz diesel vehicles sold in the United States between 2009 and 2016 and pay $875 million in civil penalties and roughly $70.3 million in other penalties.

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District of Columbia Emissions Diesel Mercedes 286

Green Car Congress

JUNE 23, 2009

Global ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) and HFC emissions (A), global CO 2 and HFC emissions (B), and ODS, HFC, and CO 2 global RF (C) for the period 2000–2050. 2009) Click to enlarge. These HFCs, gases used in refrigerators and air conditioners, are substitutes for ozone-depleting gases, but they are also strong greenhouse gases.

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Global Ozone Micronesia Mauritius 150

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 17, 2013

Between 2009 and 2011, up to 96% of city dwellers were exposed to fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) concentrations above WHO guidelines and up to 98% were exposed to ozone (O 3 ) levels above WHO guidelines. —“Air Quality in Europe 2013 Report”.

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Pollution 2002 Ozone 2011 223

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 25, 2009

Significant climate anomalies 2008/2009. A new climate modeling system, forecasting average temperatures over a decade by combining natural variation with the impacts of human-induced climate change, projects that at least half of the 10 years following 2009 will exceed the warmest year currently on record. Click to enlarge.

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Climate Change Climate 2007 Ozone 260

Green Car Congress

NOVEMBER 22, 2011

Between 2009 and 2010, its atmospheric abundance increased by 2.3 It also plays an important role in the destruction of the stratospheric ozone layer. However, concentrations of other gases such as HCFCs and HFCs, which are used to substitute CFCs because they are less damaging to the ozone layer, are increasing rapidly.

2010 199

2010 Industry Industrial Ozone 199

Green Car Congress

JULY 4, 2010

Researchers at North Carolina State University are developing an ozone-based pre-treatment technique (ozonolysis) to release sugars from the energy grass miscanthus for production into renewable fuels or chemicals with minimal generation of chemical waste streams and degradation of the carbohydrate components. García-Cubero et al.

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Ozone North Carolina Energy 2010 170

Green Car Congress

MAY 16, 2014

Achieving our long-term climate goal and 2032 ozone standards will require a much deeper penetration of ZEVs into the fleet. Deployment of fuel efficient vehicle tires for in-use vehicles could include limited incentives, followed by ratings and then standard setting to permanently shift the market.

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Climate Change Climate California Ozone 218

Green Car Congress

MARCH 27, 2010

This could explain satellite measurements showing high levels of stratospheric ozone, water vapor and other chemicals over Asia during summer. Satellite records from 2004 to 2009 showed a pattern of increases in the chemical’s presence in the stratosphere each summer, correlating with the timing of the monsoon.

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Pollution Asia Ozone Indonesia 246

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DECEMBER 4, 2013

g/hp-hr between 2007 and 2009 to a level less than or equal to 0.20 Background. In 2010, EPA’s stringent NO x limit of 0.20 g/hp-hr became fully enforceable; the NO x emissions limit decreased from an average level of 1.2 g/hp-hr in 2010.

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Diesel Emissions 2004 San Antonio 296

Green Car Congress

JUNE 29, 2009

The research, to be presented by Dr Ros Gleadow on 29 June 2009 at the Society for Experimental Biology Annual Meeting in Glasgow, has shown that the concentration of cyanogenic glycosides, which break down to release toxic hydrogen cyanide, increased in plants in elevated CO 2. High Ozone Decreases Yield. Dr Gleadow.

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Ozone CO2 Climate Universal 150

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JULY 18, 2010

A 2009 evaluation of geoengineering techniques by the Royal Society concluded that stratospheric aerosols could be highly effective and affordable, although there are questions over adverse effects. From: Geoengineering the Climate (2009) Click to enlarge. Earlier post.). Evaluating candidate particles.

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Climate Engine Ozone Solar 199

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 13, 2010

Jackson said that EPA must follow up the progress it made in 2009 with a range of greenhouse gas reduction initiatives with ensuring compliance with the law. The seven themes are: Taking Action on Climate Change. Improving Air Quality.

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EPA 2010 Climate Change Mercury 170

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MAY 16, 2011

More findings from the CalNex research on a variety of subjects, from the formation of ozone to the interactions of particles and clouds, are being presented at a four-day workshop May 16 through 19 in Sacramento, California.

Pollution 186

Pollution California Cleaning Clean 186

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APRIL 2, 2009

The on-road transportation (ORT) and power generation (PG) sectors are major contributors to CO 2 emissions and a host of short-lived radiatively-active air pollutants, including tropospheric ozone and fine aerosol particles, that exert complex influences on global climate. 2009) Click to enlarge. Unger et al. Click to enlarge.

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Climate Emissions Transportation Climate Change 150

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MAY 1, 2018

They found that levels of pollutants that can contribute to the formation of ground-level ozone, or smog, have failed to continue a fairly steady decline as estimated by the US Environmental Protection Agency. These results show that meeting future air quality standards for ozone pollution will be more challenging than previously thought.

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Emissions Ozone Pollution EPA 150

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JUNE 3, 2010

This calculation, as with the other energy-related sources of CO 2 emissions in the report, is based on updates of the US Energy Information Administration’s AEO 2009 report. The report attributes the relatively slow growth forecast for CO 2 emissions to increasing use of renewable energy and policies implemented to increase efficiency.

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Climate 2020 Emissions Climate Change 199

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APRIL 19, 2013

Volatile organic compounds (VOC), which include hydrocarbons, are major air pollutants as well as precursors of harmful compounds such as tropospheric ozone and secondary organic aerosols. The research is published in the journal Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres.

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Los Angeles Pollution Gasoline Engine 225

Green Car Congress

JULY 2, 2014

The instrument, which was designed by Hamilton Sunstrand and built by the California Institute of Technology’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), is almost identical to the original Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO) Earth Science mission instrument, ( earlier post ), which launched on 24 February 2009 aboard a Taurus launch vehicle.

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Carbon Aura Solar Climate Change 240

Green Car Congress

APRIL 22, 2009

Methyl halides are naturally produced by a number of organisms; the enzyme responsible for this production—methyl halide transferase (MHT)—has been studied in the context of the environmental production of methyl halides, which contribute to ozone depletion. Voigt (2009) J. cerevisiae uses to produce methyl halides.

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Engine Fuel San Francisco Convert 150

Green Car Congress

JULY 19, 2009

ozone, PM) problems may be less pressing. Rasdorf (2009) Life Cycle Inventory Energy Consumption and Emissions for Biodiesel versus Petroleum Diesel Fueled Construction Vehicles. Further studies are needed to improve confidence in vehicle emission factors, which were a key source of uncertainty in LCI emissions, are needed. Pang et al.

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Pollution Vehicles North Carolina Diesel 150

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 19, 2009

Here, RME show advantages for primary energy and GHG, but disadvantages in terms of acidification, eutrophication and ozone depletion. The report, Towards Sustainable Production and Use of Resources: Assessing Biofuels is based on a detailed review of published research up to mid-2009 as well as the input of independent experts world-wide.

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Ozone Water Emissions Oil 186

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 14, 2015

While early R&D was largely component-based, as a result of US Department of Energy (DOE) American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) funds in 2009, 21CTP was able to fund four SuperTruck projects. A second truck has doubled fuel economy from a 2009 baseline of 6.1 gallons per 1,000 ton-miles for the 2009 baseline.

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MPG Fuel 2009 Miles 207

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 9, 2009

Isoprene, a five-carbon diene formed naturally in plants and animals and a precursor of ozone, contributes more than 40% of these emissions. 2009) Unexpected epoxide formation in the gas-phase photooxidation of isoprene. Kleindienst (2009) Epoxying Isoprene Chemistry. Paulot et al. Click to enlarge. secondary organic aerosol).

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Climate New Zealand Denmark 2009 150

Green Car Congress

JUNE 9, 2009

Chester and Horvath (2009). Chester and Horvath (2009). Mikhail Chester and Arpad Horvath inventoried on-road, rail, and air travel to determine energy consumption, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and criteria air pollutant (CAP) emissions (excluding PM, lead, and ozone due to lack of data). Click to enlarge.

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Light Emissions Energy Boston 150

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 10, 2016

Between 2009 and 2013, transthoracic echocardiography including an evaluation of pulmonary pressure was conducted in 16,295 individuals and correlated with average air pollution in Brussels on the same day and in the last five and ten days. and ozone on pulmonary circulation on the same day and over five and ten days.

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Pollution 2016 Exhaust Ozone 150

Green Car Congress

APRIL 2, 2012

The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has submitted its final Report to Congress on Black Carbon , in response to an October 2009 request from Congress to advance efforts to understand the role of black carbon (BC) in climate change. Key policy-relevant scientific uncertainties related to BC. Source: EPA. Click to enlarge.

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Congress EPA Carbon Emissions 252

Green Car Congress

MAY 2, 2016

They collected 160 samples on 38 days between February and September 2009 at a curbside and an urban background station in the urban/industrial Ruhr area. A 2014 study by Weinbruch et al. In addition, they simulated disability adjusted life years (DALY) to assess the healthy years lost due to poor urban air quality.

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Exhaust Emissions Belgium Gasoline-Electric 278

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 2, 2009

From: Geoengineering the Climate (2009) Click to enlarge. However, there are some serious questions over adverse effects, particularly depletion of stratospheric ozone. Geoengineering the climate: Science, governance and uncertainty (RS Policy document 10/09, September 2009).

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Climate Change Climate Price International 186

Green Car Congress

MARCH 17, 2016

The Haifa region began air quality monitoring some 30 years ago; the metropolitan area now has the densest air quality monitoring network in Israel with 27 continuous monitoring stations that measure criteria pollutants including sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, ozone, particulates and more.

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Israel Emissions Diesel Pollution 150