Coal, Gas-Electric, Oil and Study

As states continue to use less coal for electricity, driving electric vehicles becomes even cleaner

Green Car Congress

NOVEMBER 10, 2021

Battery electric vehicles are only as clean as the energy source used to generate the electricity that powers them. These results indicate that coal and oil are the energy sources leading to most emissions, and that hydro, wind, and nuclear are the energy sources leading to least emissions. Natural gas. from coal.

Coal

Coal West Virginia North Dakota Cleaner

Carbon emissions from generating electricity for electric vehicles vary greatly across the individual US states

Green Car Congress

MAY 1, 2023

by Michael Sivak, Sivak Applied Research The overall advantage of battery electric over gasoline vehicles, in terms of well-to-wheels emissions of greenhouse gases, has been well documented. However, the emissions of electric vehicles depend greatly on the energy source used to generate the electricity that powers them.

West Virginia

West Virginia Emissions Carbon Vermont

SAF company DG Fuels closes investments with two Japanese companies

Green Car Congress

JULY 29, 2023

These facilities typically use approximately one ton of coal to produce one BBL of hydrocarbons, with a life cycle CO 2 emissions calculation that is slightly worse than equivalent fuels derived from conventional oil refining. DGF replaces the coal gasification used by others with biomass gasification and natural gas reforming.

Companies

Companies Fuel Louisiana Asia

Rice study finds using natural gas for electricity and heating, not transportation, more effective in reducing GHGs

Green Car Congress

MARCH 9, 2016

Rice University researchers have determined a more effective way to use natural gas to reduce climate-warming emissions would be in the replacement of existing coal-fired power plants and fuel-oil furnaces rather than burning it in cars and buses.

Gas-Electric

Gas-Electric Gas Transportation Coal

Researchers use chemical looping process to produce hydrogen from hydrogen sulfide gas

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 13, 2021

Researchers at The Ohio State University have used a chemical looping process to produce hydrogen from hydrogen sulfide gas—commonly called “sewer gas”. Hydrogen sulfide is emitted from manure piles and sewer pipes and is a key byproduct of industrial activities including refining oil and gas, producing paper and mining.

Hydrogen

Hydrogen Gas Ohio Gas-Electric

Feasibility study concludes Arckaringa coal-to-methanol project could be viable addition to CTL

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 6, 2013

A Technical Feasibility Study (TFS) for a coal-to-methanol (CTM) plant based on the Arckaringa coal resources in Australia has concluded that CTM could be a viable project capable of augmenting the Bankable Feasibility Study (BFS) for Altona Energy’s Arckaringa Clean Energy CTL (coal-to-liquids) and Power Project in South Australia.

Coal

Coal Australia Conversion Asia

Northwestern/Princeton study explores air quality impacts of aggressive conversion to EVs

Green Car Congress

APRIL 15, 2019

Researchers from Northwestern University and Princeton University have explored the impact on US air quality from an aggressive conversion of internal combustion vehicles to battery-powered electric vehicles (EVs). coal, oil, natural gas, and biomass). Winter O 3 increases due to reduced loss via traffic NO x.

Conversion

Conversion Jordan Ozone Coal

U Calgary study finds oil shale most energy intensive upgraded fuel followed by in-situ-produced bitumen from oil sands

Green Car Congress

JULY 10, 2015

A team at the University of Calgary (Canada) has compared the energy intensities and lifecycle GHG emissions of unconventional oils (oil sands and oil shale) alongside shale gas, coal, lignite, wood and conventional oil and gas. Earlier post.). —Nduagu & Gates.

Oil-Sands

Oil-Sands Oil Energy Fuel

Updated NETL study provides more detailed economic and environmental assessment of coal-to-liquids and CTL with modest biomass

Green Car Congress

MAY 15, 2012

The National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) has released a follow-on study to its 2009 evaluation of the economic and environmental performance of Coal-to-Liquids (CTL) and CTL with modest amounts of biomass mixed in (15% by weight) for the production of zero-sulfure diesel fuel. Earlier post.).

Coal

Coal Diesel Oil Prices Water

Tsinghua University provincial-level lifecycle study finds fuel-cycle criteria pollutants of EVs in China could be up to 5x those of natural gas vehicles due to China’s coal-dominant power mix

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 12, 2013

In regions where the share of coal-based electricity is relatively low, EVs can achieve substantial GHG reduction, the team reports in a paper in the ACS journal Environmental Science & Technology. According to the 12 th Five-Year Plan of the China Coal Industry (2011?2015)

Coal

Coal Pollution China Gas

Understanding the variability of GHG life cycle studies of oil sands production

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 6, 2012

Full-fuel-cycle GHG emissions estimates for reformulated gasoline pathways by LCA study. Nominal value of 70 g CO 2 /MJ for combustion emissions is applied evenly across all studies. He found that the variation in oil sands GHG estimates is due to a variety of causes. Oil sands are a mixture of sand and other mineral matter (80?

Oil-Sands

Oil-Sands Oil Production Emissions

Argonne study finds shale gas GHG lifecycle emissions 6% lower than natural gas, 23% lower than gasoline and 33% lower than coal; upstream methane leakage a key contributor

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 18, 2011

Gasoline section shows results for fuel derived from both conventional oil and oil sands. However, the range in values for shale and conventional gas overlap, so there is a statistical uncertainty whether shale gas emissions are actually lower than those of conventional natural gas. Credit: ACS, Burnham et al.

Gas

Gas Coal Emissions Gasoline

Stanford, UC Santa Cruz study explores ramifications of demand-driven peak to conventional oil

Green Car Congress

JULY 2, 2013

In contrast to arguments that peak conventional oil production is imminent due to physical resource scarcity, a team from Stanford University and UC Santa Cruz has examined the alternative possibility of reduced oil use due to improved efficiency and oil substitution. 2010, to above 140 $/bbl in constant 2010 dollars).

Oil

Oil Oil-Sands Fuel Economy Transportation

Global Carbon Project: Global carbon emissions growth slows, but hits record high

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 5, 2019

Driven by rising natural gas and oil consumption, levels of CO 2 are expected to hit 37 billion metric tons this year, according to new estimates from the Global Carbon Project (GCP), an initiative led by Stanford University scientist Rob Jackson. In 2019, consumption of coal is expected to drop 11% in the U.S.—down

Carbon

Carbon Global Emissions Climate Change

Study suggests China urban passenger transport emissions could peak in 2030

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 9, 2019

A paper on their study appears in the journal Energy Policy. This study implements three main research contents. (1) Energy demand is able to peak at around 2020, with the peak amount ranging between 86 Mtce and 107 Mtce (million tonnes of coal equivalent), and energy consumption is likely to drop to 70–84 Mtce in 2050.

Transportation

Transportation Emissions China Taxi

Study finds that dry-feed gasification for coal-to-liquids is more efficient, lower-emitting and cheaper than slurry-feed; CCS cost-effective for reduction of CO2

Green Car Congress

NOVEMBER 24, 2010

Comparison of coal consumption and CO 2 emissions for co-production and separate production of liquids and power. Conventional CTL plant gasifies coal to produce a syngas which is then converted in a Fischer-Tropsch reactor to products. Even with CCS, the liquid product costs are comparable to recent crude oil prices.

Coal

Coal Oil Prices CO2 Gas-Electric

Texas Clean Energy Project signs long-term CO2 offtake agreement with Whiting Petroleum for enhanced oil recovery; 90% CO2 capture from IGCC coal polygen plant

Green Car Congress

JULY 22, 2011

The TCEP would integrate coal gasification, combined-cycle power generation, CO 2 capture, and. In the Permian Basin, approximately one additional barrel of oil can be recovered for each 6,000 cubic feet (6 Mcf) of compressed CO 2 injected into the oil field. urea production. CO 2 capture and shipment via pipeline shown at top.

Coal

Coal Texas Oil CO2

Sasol and ITOCHU to partner on green ammonia and hydrogen

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 5, 2022

South Africa-based Sasol and Japan-based ITOCHU Corporation have signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) jointly to study and to develop the market and supply chain for green ammonia with a focus on its use as bunkering fuel and for power generation. The product can also be cracked back to hydrogen gas for further applications.

South Africa

South Africa Hydrogen Green Africa

UMTRI study shows wide global variability in GHG emissions from operating an EV

Green Car Congress

NOVEMBER 7, 2017

A team at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute (UMTRI) study has assessed the relative amounts of greenhouse-gas emissions from driving a battery-electric vehicle (BEV) compared with greenhouse-gas emissions from driving a traditional gasoline-powered vehicle in different countries of the world.

Emissions

Emissions Albania Botswana MPG

Study concludes abundant shale gas is neither climate hero nor villain; need for targeted GHG reduction policy

Green Car Congress

MAY 15, 2014

While natural gas can reduce greenhouse emissions when it is substituted for higher-emission energy sources, abundant shale gas is not likely to substantially alter total emissions without policies targeted at greenhouse gas reduction, according to a new study by two researchers at Duke University.

Climate

Climate Gas Coal Gas-Electric

JEC updates well-to-wheels study on automotive fuels and powertrains; electro-mobility, natural gas and biofuels

Green Car Congress

MARCH 27, 2014

It adds an assessment of electrically chargeable vehicle configurations, such as plug-in hybrid, range extended, battery and fuel-cell electric vehicles. It also introduces an update of natural gas pathways, taking into account the addition of a European shale gas pathway. Source: EUR 26236 EN - 2014 Click to enlarge.

Gas

Gas Fuel Gas-Electric Gasoline-Electric

Renault makes public its lifecycle study of Fluence ICE vs Fluence EV

Green Car Congress

JULY 11, 2013

Renault recently made public the findings of an internal study, published first in October 2011, detailing and comparing the lifecycle assessments (LCAs) of the battery-electric and two internal combustion engined versions (gasoline and diesel) of the Renault Fluence. Electric Fluence Z.E. Click to enlarge. Diesel Fluence dCi.

Li-ion

Li-ion Gasoline-Electric Ozone Diesel

DOE awards $7M to eight oxy-combustion coal technology projects; carbon capture, utilization and storage

Green Car Congress

JULY 26, 2012

The US Department of Energy (DOE) selected eight projects to advance the development of transformational oxy-combustion technologies capable of high-efficiency, low-cost carbon dioxide capture from coal-fired power plants. The Energy Department’s $7 million investment—leveraged with recipient cost-share to support approximately $9.4

Coal

Coal Carbon Gas-Electric Gas

Researchers Say Mix of Policies and Current or Near-Term Technologies Could Phase Out US CO2 Emissions from Coal-Fired Power Plants by 2030

Green Car Congress

MAY 2, 2010

Life-cycle GHG emissions from fossil and alternative sources of electricity. The authors are Pushker Kharecha and James Hansen from NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies & Columbia University Earth Institute (GISS); Charles Kutscher from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory; and Edward Mazria from 2030 Inc./ Kharecha et al.

Coal

Coal Emissions Oil-Sands Climate Change

Study finds co-producing FT fuels and electricity from coal and biomass with CCS delivers low GHG synfuels at lower cost and with less biomass than cellulosic ethanol

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 9, 2010

A detailed study by researchers from China and the US has concluded that Fischer-Tropsch synthetic liquid fuels (FTL) are typically less costly to produce when electricity is generated as a major coproduct than when the plants are designed to produce mainly liquid fuels. published in the ACS journal Energy & Fuels.

Coal

Coal Fuel Carbon Emissions

IIASA: removing fossil fuel subsidies will not reduce CO2 emissions as much as hoped

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 8, 2018

Removing fossil fuel subsidies would have only a small effect on CO 2 emissions and renewable energy use, according to a new study led by the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) and published in the journal Nature. First, these subsidies generally apply only to oil, gas, and electricity.

Emissions

Emissions Fuel CO2 Oil

MIT Report Finds Natural Gas Has Significant Potential to Displace Coal, Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Role in Transportation More Limited

Green Car Congress

JUNE 26, 2010

Natural gas will play a leading role in reducing greenhouse-gas emissions over the next several decades, largely by replacing older, inefficient coal plants with highly efficient combined-cycle gas generation, according to a major new interim report out from MIT.

MIT

MIT Coal Gas Emissions

U Chicago, MIT study suggests ongoing use of fossil fuels absent new carbon taxes

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 24, 2016

A paper by a team from the University of Chicago and MIT suggests that technology-driven cost reductions in fossil fuels will lead to the continued use of fossil fuels—oil, gas, and coal—unless governments pass new taxes on carbon emissions. for oil, 24% for coal, and 20% for natural gas.

Chicago

Chicago MIT Tax Carbon

Syngas Engages Rentech and GE for Clinton Coal and Biomass to Liquids Project in Australia

Green Car Congress

NOVEMBER 25, 2009

Australia’s Syngas Limited has engaged Rentech to provide Fischer-Tropsch fuels production preliminary engineering services for Syngas’ proposed commercial scale coal and biomass to liquids (CBTL) fuels facility in Southern Australia, known as the Clinton Project. Gas Conditioning. Additionally, the Clinton coal fluidizes well.

Coal

Coal Australia Diesel Oil Prices

Ignite Energy Resources and TRUenergy Plan Direct Coal-to-Liquids and Coal Drying Demo Project for Supercritical Water Technology

Green Car Congress

JULY 10, 2009

Ignite Energy Resources (IER), developer of a supercritical water technology, and TRUenergy have entered into a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to develop a commercial demonstration plant that will apply IER’s direct coal-to-oil and upgraded dry coal process to the brown coal at TRUenergy’s Yallourn mine in Australia.

Coal

Coal Water Energy Australia

Swiss WTW study finds important role for alternative fuels as well as alt drivetrains in move to low-emissions vehicles

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 3, 2014

WTW energy demand and GHG emissions for EV and PHEV drivetrains for various electricity sources; gasoline ICE vehicle is solid square, hybrid the hollow square. The study by a team at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, reported in the Journal of Power Sources , is novel in three respects, the researchers said.

Alternative Fuels

Alternative Fuels Emissions Fuel Switzerland

IEA: time to tap into hydrogen’s potential to play a key role in a clean, secure and affordable energy future

Green Car Congress

JUNE 15, 2019

The in-depth study, which analyzes hydrogen’s current state of play and offers guidance on its future development, was launched by Dr Fatih Birol, the IEA’s Executive Director, alongside Mr Hiroshige Seko, Japan’s Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry, on the occasion of the meeting of G20 energy and environment ministers in Karuizawa, Japan.

Clean

Clean Cleaning Affordable Future

DOE awarding $72M to 27 projects to develop and advance carbon capture technologies, including direct air capture

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 3, 2020

Under this cost-shared research and development (R&D), DOE is awarding $51 million to nine new projects for coal and natural gas power and industrial sources. These efforts aim to design initial engineering studies to develop technologies to capture CO 2 generated as a byproduct of manufacturing at industrial sites.

Carbon

Carbon Coal Gas-Electric Gas

EIA: world energy consumption to grow 56% 2010-2040, CO2 up 46%; use of liquid fuels in transportation up 38%

Green Car Congress

JULY 25, 2013

Natural gas is the fastest-growing fossil fuel, as global supplies of tight gas, shale gas, and coalbed methane increase. The Brent crude oil spot price averaged $112 per barrel in 2012, and EIA’s July 2013 Short-Term Energy Outlook projects averages of $105 per barrel in 2013 and $100 per barrel in 2014.

2010

2010 Transportation Fuel Energy

PNNL modeling study finds climate benefit for cutting soot, methane smaller than previous estimates

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 13, 2013

Cutting the amount of short-lived, climate-warming emissions such as soot and methane won’t limit global warming as much as previous studies have suggested, according to a new study from the Joint Global Change Research Institute in College Park, Md., degree reduction found in earlier studies. —Smith and Mizrahi.

Climate

Climate Pollution Carbon Emissions

Japan Researchers Use Liquefied DME to Extract Oil from Algae at Room Temperature at High Yield

Green Car Congress

MARCH 29, 2010

Researchers at Japan’s Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), in a project funded by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO), have successfully developed a method to extract oil from algae using liquefied dimethyl ether (DME) at room temperature in high yield.

Japan

Japan Oil Ozone Coal

Jordan Increasing Efforts to Produce Oil from Oil Shale

Green Car Congress

MARCH 1, 2009

The government of Jordan has concluded negotiations with Shell for the in-situ production of oil from oil shale. In December, the Natural Resources Authority (NRA) forwarded to the Cabinet the commercial deal it initially signed with the Royal Dutch Shell Oil Company to tap the Kingdom’ss vast amounts of oil shale.

Jordan

Jordan Oil Coal 2008

Researchers Suggest That Although CCS and Other Technologies Could Reduce Oil Sands GHG Emissions to Near Zero, That Strategy May Not Make Sense

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 15, 2010

Examples of emerging oil sands related technologies and trade-offs. The paper is an examination of how various choices about the scale of the life cycle analysis applied to oil sands (i.e., The source material is neither oil nor tar but bitumen, but is most generally described as an example of ultraheavy oil.”.

Oil-Sands

Oil-Sands Oil Emissions Coal

Study projects emission impacts of inexpensive, efficient EVs: 36% further reduction in LDV GHG by 2050, or 9% economy-wide

Green Car Congress

JUNE 7, 2017

A new study by researchers at the University of Colorado at Boulder projects the emission impacts of the widespread introduction of inexpensive and efficient electric vehicles into the US light duty vehicle (LDV) sector. In the BAU scenario, SO 2 emissions from electricity generation fall from 5 million tonnes in 2010 to 1.4

Emissions

Emissions Economy Gasoline-Electric Coal

IRENA, IEA study concludes meeting 2?C scenario possible with net positive economics

Green Car Congress

MARCH 20, 2017

The focus must be on the decarbonization of the global energy system as it accounts for almost two-thirds of greenhouse gas emissions. Today around the world, new renewable power plants are being built that will generate electricity for less cost than fossil-fuel power plants. Coal use would decline most rapidly.

Renewable

Renewable Climate Climate Change Carbon

Argonne LCA study finds many alternative fuels consume more water than petroleum and natural gas fuels

Green Car Congress

MARCH 9, 2016

They found that many alternative fuels consume larger quantities of water on a per km basis than traditional petroleum and natural gas pathways. Corn and soy biofuel production show the largest water consumption impact among all the fuels with the exception of electricity from hydropower.

Alternative Fuels

Alternative Fuels Water Fuel Gas

US and China Presidents Announce US-China Electric Vehicles Initiative, Six Other Measures to Strengthen Cooperation Between the Countries on Energy Issues

Green Car Congress

NOVEMBER 18, 2009

The US-China Electric Vehicles Initiative builds on the first-ever US-China Electric Vehicle Forum in September 2009. The two leaders emphasized their countries’ strong shared interest in accelerating the deployment of electric vehicles in order to reduce oil dependence, cut greenhouse gas emissions and promote economic growth.

China

China Coal Electric Vehicles Energy

Study finds PHEVs will reduce net emissions of CO2 and NOx; upward pressure on SO2

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 27, 2011

Net emissions resulting from the use of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) depend on the efficiency of the conventional vehicle fleet; PHEV CD (all-electric, charge-depleting mode) efficiency; charging strategy; battery pack capacity; driving patterns; and generator mix used for charging. —Peterson et al.

PHEV

PHEV Emissions CO2 Gasoline-Electric

President’s FY 2013 Budget requests $650.8M for Fossil Energy programs

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 14, 2012

million for the Northeast Home Heating Oil Reserve (and includes a $6 million rescission of prior year funds); $14.9 Fossil Energy R&D will also address concerns associated with the environmental, health, and safety risks of shale gas development. It also includes $35 million for NETL staff to conduct in-house coal R&D.

2013

2013 Energy Coal Carbon

As states continue to use less coal for electricity, driving electric vehicles becomes even cleaner

Carbon emissions from generating electricity for electric vehicles vary greatly across the individual US states

SAF company DG Fuels closes investments with two Japanese companies

Rice study finds using natural gas for electricity and heating, not transportation, more effective in reducing GHGs

Researchers use chemical looping process to produce hydrogen from hydrogen sulfide gas

Feasibility study concludes Arckaringa coal-to-methanol project could be viable addition to CTL

Northwestern/Princeton study explores air quality impacts of aggressive conversion to EVs

U Calgary study finds oil shale most energy intensive upgraded fuel followed by in-situ-produced bitumen from oil sands

Updated NETL study provides more detailed economic and environmental assessment of coal-to-liquids and CTL with modest biomass

Tsinghua University provincial-level lifecycle study finds fuel-cycle criteria pollutants of EVs in China could be up to 5x those of natural gas vehicles due to China’s coal-dominant power mix

Understanding the variability of GHG life cycle studies of oil sands production

Argonne study finds shale gas GHG lifecycle emissions 6% lower than natural gas, 23% lower than gasoline and 33% lower than coal; upstream methane leakage a key contributor

Stanford, UC Santa Cruz study explores ramifications of demand-driven peak to conventional oil

Global Carbon Project: Global carbon emissions growth slows, but hits record high

Study suggests China urban passenger transport emissions could peak in 2030

Study finds that dry-feed gasification for coal-to-liquids is more efficient, lower-emitting and cheaper than slurry-feed; CCS cost-effective for reduction of CO2

Texas Clean Energy Project signs long-term CO2 offtake agreement with Whiting Petroleum for enhanced oil recovery; 90% CO2 capture from IGCC coal polygen plant

Sasol and ITOCHU to partner on green ammonia and hydrogen

UMTRI study shows wide global variability in GHG emissions from operating an EV

Study concludes abundant shale gas is neither climate hero nor villain; need for targeted GHG reduction policy

JEC updates well-to-wheels study on automotive fuels and powertrains; electro-mobility, natural gas and biofuels

Renault makes public its lifecycle study of Fluence ICE vs Fluence EV

DOE awards $7M to eight oxy-combustion coal technology projects; carbon capture, utilization and storage

Researchers Say Mix of Policies and Current or Near-Term Technologies Could Phase Out US CO2 Emissions from Coal-Fired Power Plants by 2030

Study finds co-producing FT fuels and electricity from coal and biomass with CCS delivers low GHG synfuels at lower cost and with less biomass than cellulosic ethanol

IIASA: removing fossil fuel subsidies will not reduce CO2 emissions as much as hoped

MIT Report Finds Natural Gas Has Significant Potential to Displace Coal, Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Role in Transportation More Limited

U Chicago, MIT study suggests ongoing use of fossil fuels absent new carbon taxes

Syngas Engages Rentech and GE for Clinton Coal and Biomass to Liquids Project in Australia

Ignite Energy Resources and TRUenergy Plan Direct Coal-to-Liquids and Coal Drying Demo Project for Supercritical Water Technology

Swiss WTW study finds important role for alternative fuels as well as alt drivetrains in move to low-emissions vehicles

IEA: time to tap into hydrogen’s potential to play a key role in a clean, secure and affordable energy future

DOE awarding $72M to 27 projects to develop and advance carbon capture technologies, including direct air capture

EIA: world energy consumption to grow 56% 2010-2040, CO2 up 46%; use of liquid fuels in transportation up 38%

PNNL modeling study finds climate benefit for cutting soot, methane smaller than previous estimates

Japan Researchers Use Liquefied DME to Extract Oil from Algae at Room Temperature at High Yield

Jordan Increasing Efforts to Produce Oil from Oil Shale

Researchers Suggest That Although CCS and Other Technologies Could Reduce Oil Sands GHG Emissions to Near Zero, That Strategy May Not Make Sense

Study projects emission impacts of inexpensive, efficient EVs: 36% further reduction in LDV GHG by 2050, or 9% economy-wide

IRENA, IEA study concludes meeting 2?C scenario possible with net positive economics

Argonne LCA study finds many alternative fuels consume more water than petroleum and natural gas fuels

US and China Presidents Announce US-China Electric Vehicles Initiative, Six Other Measures to Strengthen Cooperation Between the Countries on Energy Issues

Study finds PHEVs will reduce net emissions of CO2 and NOx; upward pressure on SO2

President’s FY 2013 Budget requests $650.8M for Fossil Energy programs

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