2011, Coal and Oil

EIA: US rail traffic reflects increase in crude oil production, decrease in coal use; coal still dominant

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 5, 2013

The record increase in US crude oil production during 2012 and the significant decline in coal use for domestic electricity generation were reflected in the movement of those two commodities by rail last year, according to the US Energy Information Administration (EIA). Change in number of railcar loads 2011-2012.

Coal

Coal Oil Production 2012

BP Statistical Review finds global oil share down for 12th year in a row, coal share up to highest level since 1969; renewables at 2%

Green Car Congress

JUNE 13, 2012

in 2011, close to the historical average. Oil remains the world’s leading fuel, but its 33.1% Coal’s market share of 30.3% in 2011, broadly in line with the historical average but well below the 5.1% The fossil fuel mix continues to change with oil, the world’s leading fuel at 33.1% was the highest since 1969.

Coal

Coal Oil Renewable Saudi Arabia

Report finds Coal-to-Liquids and Oil Shale pose significant financial and environmental risks to investors

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 19, 2010

Ceres recently released a new report concluding that coal-to-liquid (CTL) and oil shale technologies face significant environmental and financial obstacles—from water constraints, to technological uncertainties to regulatory and market risks—that pose substantial financial risks for investors involved in such projects.

Coal

Coal Oil Water Oil Prices

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IEA: Global CO2 emissions up by 1.0 Gt (3.2%) in 2011 to record high

Green Car Congress

MAY 24, 2012

gigatonnes (Gt) in 2011, according to preliminary estimates from the International Energy Agency (IEA). Coal accounted for 45% of total energy-related CO 2 emissions in 2011, followed by oil (35%) and natural gas (20%). Gt above 2011 levels. Gt above 2011 levels. In 2011, a 6.1% Gt on 2010, or 3.2%.

2011

2011 Emissions Global CO2

China team optimizes catalytic hydrogenation process to convert coal tar to gasoline and diesel

Green Car Congress

JUNE 9, 2012

Flow diagram of coal tar hydrogenation process. Researchers in China report the production of gasoline and diesel from coal tar via an optimized catalytic hydrogenation using two serial fixed beds, the first with a hydrofining catalyst of MoNi/?-Al of the world’s total, according to a 2011 market research report; 9.94

Coal

Coal Gasoline Diesel Hydrogen

Global CO2 emissions up 3% in 2011; per capita CO2 emissions in China reach EU levels

Green Car Congress

JULY 20, 2012

At 3%, the 2011 increase in global CO 2 emissions is above the past decade’s average annual increase of 2.7%. savings stimulated by high oil prices led to a decrease of 3% in CO 2 emissions in the European Union and of 2% in both the United States and Japan. combined, where emissions increased by 9% and 6% respectively in 2011.

2011

2011 Emissions CO2 Global

Bill requiring use of coal-derived fuels introduced in US House

Green Car Congress

MAY 14, 2011

Critz (PA-12) announced that the “Clean Coal-Derived Fuels for Energy Security Act of 2011” was introduced in the House of Representatives; Critz is a an original co-sponsor of the legislation. This bill would require that certain fuels in the nation’s fuel mix contain a minimum volume of clean coal-derived fuel.

Coal

Coal Fuel Cleaning Clean

Honeywell’s UOP Methanol-to-Olefins technology selected to convert coal to high-value petrochemicals in China

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 20, 2012

has licensed Honeywell’s UOP methanol-to-olefins (MTO) technology to convert methanol from coal into key plastics building blocks. The MTO process, jointly developed by Honeywell’s UOP and INEOS, converts methanol from crude oil and non-crude oil sources such as coal or natural gas to ethylene and propylene.

Coal

Coal Convert Mongolia China

China to be Site of First Commercial Implementation of TRIG Coal Gasifier

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 19, 2009

The contract award marks China as the site for the first worldwide commercial implementation of the TRIG technology with the goal of producing low-emission, coal-based electricity. TRIG coal gasification technology was co-developed developed by Southern Company, KBR Inc., (Dongguan TMEP) in Guandong Province, Peoples Republic of China.

Coal

Coal Commercial China Gas-Electric

EPA data shows sharp decline in 2013 methane emissions from hydraulically fractured wells: down 73% from 2011

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 1, 2014

In 2013, reported emissions from large industrial facilities were 20 million metric tons higher than the prior year, or 0.6%, driven largely by an increase in coal use for power generation. EPA said it expects to see further methane emission reductions as the agency’s 2012 standards for the oil and gas industry become fully implemented.

2013

2013 EPA 2011 Emissions

IEA World Energy Outlook view on the transport sector to 2035; passenger car fleet doubling to almost 1.7B units, driving oil demand up to 99 mb/d; reconfirming the end of cheap oil

Green Car Congress

NOVEMBER 13, 2011

Change in primary oil demand by sector and region in the central New Policies Scenario, 2010-2035. Under the WEO 2011 central scenario, oil demand rises from 87 million barrels per day (mb/d) in 2010 to 99 mb/d in 2035, with all the net growth coming from the transport sector in emerging economies. —WEO 2011.

Oil

Oil Transportation Cheap Energy

Transcanada restarts Keystone oil sands pipeline operations

Green Car Congress

JUNE 6, 2011

TransCanada Corporation said that its 590,000 barrel-per-day (bpd) capacity Keystone Pipeline system resumed transporting oil sands crude on Sunday, 5 June, after a shutdown 29 May following an above-ground spill at a pump station in Kansas involving less than 10 barrels of oil. Click to enlarge. Earlier post.)

Oil-Sands

Oil-Sands Oil North Dakota Oklahoma

TransGas and SK EC team on West Virginia coal-to-gasoline project

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 28, 2010

Ltd (SKE&C) leading to engineering, procurement and construction of its first US coal-to-gasoline plant—Adams Fork Energy—to be located in Mingo County, West Virginia. The Adams Fork Energy project will convert regional coal into premium-grade gasoline, producing 18,000 barrels per day (756,000 gallons US, 2.86

West Virginia

West Virginia Virginia Coal Gasoline

Texas Clean Energy Project signs long-term CO2 offtake agreement with Whiting Petroleum for enhanced oil recovery; 90% CO2 capture from IGCC coal polygen plant

Green Car Congress

JULY 22, 2011

The TCEP would integrate coal gasification, combined-cycle power generation, CO 2 capture, and. In the Permian Basin, approximately one additional barrel of oil can be recovered for each 6,000 cubic feet (6 Mcf) of compressed CO 2 injected into the oil field. urea production. CO 2 capture and shipment via pipeline shown at top.

Coal

Coal Texas Oil CO2

EIA projects world energy use to increase 53% by 2035; oil sands/bitumen and biofuels account for 70% of the increase in unconventional liquid fuels

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 20, 2011

Worldwide energy consumption will grow by 53% between 2008 and 2035 with much of the increase driven by strong economic growth in the developing nations, especially China and India, according to the reference case in the newly released International Energy Outlook 2011 (IEO2011) from the US Energy Information Administration (EIA).

Oil-Sands

Oil-Sands Oil 2008 Oil Prices

$3.8 Trillion FY 2011 US Budget Proposal Boosts Department of Energy Spending

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 1, 2010

trillion FY 2011 Budget to the US Congress. The President’s 2011 Budget provides $28.354 billion for the Department of Energy (DOE) in discretionary budget authority—an 8.9% billion in tax subsidies for oil, coal and gas industries. 2010 est. 2011 prop. President Obama today transmitted the proposed $3.8-trillion

2011

2011 Energy Obama 2010

Fuel provisions in the Tax Relief bill

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 18, 2010

The bill extends the Volumetric Ethanol Excise Tax Credit (VEETC) through 2011 at the current rate of $0.45/gallon The bill also extends through 2011 the existing $0.54/gallon, The bill also extends through 2011 the $0.10/gallon gallon credit for small agri-biodiesel producers through 2011. Refined Coal.

Tax

Tax Tax Credit Fuel Coal

Argonne study finds shale gas GHG lifecycle emissions 6% lower than natural gas, 23% lower than gasoline and 33% lower than coal; upstream methane leakage a key contributor

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 18, 2011

Gasoline section shows results for fuel derived from both conventional oil and oil sands. We updated the latest version, GREET 1.8d, to include shale gas production and have revised the existing pathways for NG, coal, and petroleum. Expansion bars show the components of fuel production. Credit: ACS, Burnham et al.

Gas

Gas Coal Emissions Gasoline

BG Group sanctions US$15B coal seam gas to LNG project; first such

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 31, 2010

BG Group has approved implementation of the first phase of a US$15-billion project to convert coal seam gas (CSG) to LNG—the first major commercial project to do so. Total gross discovered coal seam gas reserves and resources presently amount to an estimated 17.3 Those contractors include: Bechtel Oil and Gas, Inc.,

Coal

Coal Gas Australia Water

EIA: world energy consumption to grow 56% 2010-2040, CO2 up 46%; use of liquid fuels in transportation up 38%

Green Car Congress

JULY 25, 2013

The Brent crude oil spot price averaged $112 per barrel in 2012, and EIA’s July 2013 Short-Term Energy Outlook projects averages of $105 per barrel in 2013 and $100 per barrel in 2014. Biomass Climate Change Coal-to-Liquids (CTL) Emissions Forecasts Fuels Gas-to-Liquids (GTL) Market Background' Liquid fuels.

2010

2010 Transportation Fuel Energy

Linc Energy submits permit for Wyoming underground coal gasification demo facility

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 28, 2011

a permit application and commenced the approval process with the Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality (WDEQ) to build and operate a Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) demonstration plant in its coal tenement lease areas in Wyoming’s. km) of coal within the Wyoming PRB. 20ft (6.1m) coal seam at 2100ft (640m).

Wyoming

Wyoming Coal Energy Australia

IEA World Energy Outlook 2013 sees CO2 emissions rising by 20% to 2035; oil use on upward trend

Green Car Congress

NOVEMBER 13, 2013

China is about to become the largest oil-importing country and India becomes the largest importer of coal by the early 2020s. The Middle East becomes the world’s second-largest gas consumer by 2020 and third-largest oil consumer by 2030, redefining its role in global energy markets. Mobility and oil. Source: IEA.

Oil

Oil 2013 Energy Emissions

Tsinghua University provincial-level lifecycle study finds fuel-cycle criteria pollutants of EVs in China could be up to 5x those of natural gas vehicles due to China’s coal-dominant power mix

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 12, 2013

In regions where the share of coal-based electricity is relatively low, EVs can achieve substantial GHG reduction, the team reports in a paper in the ACS journal Environmental Science & Technology. According to the 12 th Five-Year Plan of the China Coal Industry (2011?2015)

Coal

Coal Pollution China Gas

Worldwatch: Fossil fuel subsidies continue to outweigh those for renewable energy; international pledges on reform unfulfilled

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 22, 2012

In 2011–12 India’s subsidies and under-recoveries for fuel totalled INR1.4 of the GDP for 2011–12, according to the International Institute for Sustainable Development’s Global Subsidies Initiative ( GSI ). Oil demand would be reduced by 3.7 GSI: Fuel Subsidies in India. trillion (US$27.7 Total subsidy. in 2020 and 5.8%

Renewable

Renewable International Fuel Energy

Air Products awarded order in China for largest on-site air-separation unit to support Shaanxi coal chemical plant; collaboration with USTB

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 19, 2011

The facility, to be located in Yulin, Shaanxi Province, China, will include multiple ASU trains and produce 12,000 tons per day (TPD) of oxygen and significant tonnage volumes of nitrogen and compressed dry air for Shaanxi’s coal chemical plant. Shaanxi Future Energy Company was established in 2011.

Coal

Coal China Production 2013

KPMG survey finds majority of energy execs see oil over $121/barrel this year; shale expected to have transformative impact, investment in alternatives increasing

Green Car Congress

MAY 12, 2011

Energy executives expect continued volatility in the price-per-barrel of oil for the remainder of the year, with 64% predicting crude prices to exceed $121 per barrel. Only 35% think current crude prices are near the high they expect for oil this year, predicting the peak will be between $111 and $120 per barrel.

Oil

Oil Energy 2011 Wind

Pew survey finds a 10 percentage point shift over past year in public opinion toward expanded production of fossil fuels; 78% favor fuel efficiency standards

Green Car Congress

MARCH 19, 2012

The Pew survey found a 10 percentage point shift in favor of expanded fossil fuel production from March 2011 to March 2012. Since then, support for expanding production of oil and other traditional sources has increased among most demographic and political groups; the shift among Republicans has been particularly pronounced.

Fuel

Fuel Coal Oil Production

ConocoPhillips announces sanction of $6B second train for Australia Pacific coal seam gas to LNG project; Sinopec interest to increase

Green Car Congress

JULY 4, 2012

million tonnes per annum (MTPA) production train for its Australia Pacific LNG coal seam gas (CSG) to liquefied natural gas (LNG) project in Queensland, Australia. Following the start up of the second train, the project has an anticipated peak production net to ConocoPhillips of 100,000-105,000 barrels of oil equivalent (BOE) per day.

Australia

Australia Coal Gas 2011

EIA Energy Outlook 2011 more than doubles estimates of US shale gas resources; higher production at lower prices

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 17, 2010

The Annual Energy Outlook 2011 (AEO2011) Reference case released yesterday by the US Energy Information Administration (EIA) more than doubles the technically recoverable US shale gas resources assumed in AEO2010 and added new shale oil resources. Shale gas offsets declines in other US supply to meet. Source: EIA. Click to enlarge.

Gas

Gas 2011 Price Energy

Air Products Building Air Separation Units for China Coal-to-Chemicals Project

Green Car Congress

JULY 21, 2010

PCEC, a state-owned enterprise established in 2008, will use the industrial gas products in a coal gasification process for chemical production. Air Products is also building an ASU for PetroChina to provide industrial gases and also merchant liquid products which is to be onstream in late 2011.

Coal

Coal Building China Production

USGS/BOEM study identifies method to differentiate between natural seepage and produced oils in waters off Southern California

Green Car Congress

MAY 22, 2012

Resource managers now have a method to determine the source of oil found in the waters off Southern California and differentiate between naturally seeped oils and those produced by offshore oil and gas production.

Oil

Oil California Water Mariner

IEA WEO-2012 finds major shift in global energy balance but not onto a more sustainable path; identifies potential for transformative shift in global energy efficiency

Green Car Congress

NOVEMBER 12, 2012

The WEO finds that the extraordinary growth in oil and natural gas output in the United States will mean a sea-change in global energy flows. barely rises in OECD countries, although there is a pronounced shift away from oil, coal (and, in some countries, nuclear) towards natural gas and renewables. Oil demand reaches 99.7

Global

Global 2012 Energy Oil

ExxonMobil Canada acquires Celtic Exploration Ltd. for $2.6B, including liquids-rich Montney Shale acreage

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 18, 2012

The assets were estimated by Celtic on 31 December 2011 to include an estimated 128 million oil equivalent barrels of proved plus probable reserves, of which 24% are crude, condensate and natural gas liquids and 76% natural gas. Imperial Oil Limited has advised that it is currently evaluating this opportunity.

Canada

Canada Oil Gas Coal

Haldor Topsoe and Yanchang form joint venture and build methanol catalyst facility in China

Green Car Congress

JULY 29, 2021

Shaanxi Yangchang Petroleum, an energy & chemical giant in China, is engaged in efficient development, comprehensive utilization and deep conversion of petroleum, natural gas, coal, and other resources, ranking 265 among the Fortune Global Top 500. The year of 1907 saw the foundation of the first oil well in mainland China by Yanchang.

China

China Building Coal 2019

Renault makes public its lifecycle study of Fluence ICE vs Fluence EV

Green Car Congress

JULY 11, 2013

Renault recently made public the findings of an internal study, published first in October 2011, detailing and comparing the lifecycle assessments (LCAs) of the battery-electric and two internal combustion engined versions (gasoline and diesel) of the Renault Fluence. water, and non-renewable energies (crude oil, coal.)

Li-ion

Li-ion Gasoline-Electric Ozone Diesel

RAND study concludes use of alternative fuels by US military would convey no direct military benefit; recommends energy efficiency instead

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 25, 2011

If the US military increases its use of alternative jet and naval fuels that can be produced from coal or various renewable resources, including seed oils, waste oils and algae, there will be no direct benefit to the nation’s armed forces, according to a new RAND Corporation study.

Alternative Fuels

Alternative Fuels Fuel Energy Coal

Lawrence Livermore and Navajo Nation to partner in energy efforts

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 2, 2012

LLNL and the Navajo Nation plan to collaborate in an array of areas including energy security; carbon sequestration; coal gasification; shale gas; enhanced oil recovery; wind, geothermal and solar; environmental studies and other areas. —Steve Grey, program manager at LLNL.

Energy

Energy Coal Utah New Mexico

Chinas 2008 GDP Up 9.6%, Unit GDP Energy Consumption Down 5.2%

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 26, 2009

billion tonnes of standard coal equivalent, including 80.3 billion cubic meters of natural gas, 195 million tonnes of natural crude oil, and 2.8 billion tonnes of raw coal. The 12 th Five Year Plan will run from 2011 to 2015. China’s reduction in energy consumption per unit of GDP has also been revised upward, to 5.2%

2008

2008 China Energy Coal

MBD Energy orders large-scale algae extraction system from Origin Oil

Green Car Congress

MAY 24, 2011

With this firm new equipment order, OriginOil will approach its forecast of $1 million in booked sales for products and services in 2011. Once the large-scale system is in place, the mobile unit will be deployed at the next power station pilot site, and so on.

Energy

Energy Oil Coal Concept

UN report finds world needs incremental $1.9 trillion invested in green technologies to avert planetary catastrophe; global per capita cap on primary energy consumption of 70 GJ/yr may be required

Green Car Congress

JULY 5, 2011

—The World Economic and Social Survey 2011. The past decade was the first in two centuries with increasing CO2 emissions intensities, owing to a “coal revival”, in contrast with the rapid conversion to natural gas in the 1990s. —The World Economic and Social Survey 2011. The report comes out yearly.

Global

Global Energy Green Coal

Berkeley Lab releases 8th edition of databook on China’s energy and environment; finding the “missing” energy consumption

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 30, 2013

China energy end use by sector (Mtce), 1980-2011. Shares of energy end use by sector in China, 1980-2011. They used a lot more coal than they originally admitted to, several hundred million tons more. Another major shift is that China has become a voracious energy importer, especially of coal and liquefied natural gas.

Environment

Environment Energy Coal United States

Purdue Team Develops High Pressure, High Temperature Gasifier in Pursuit of More Efficient Synthetic Fuels Production

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 19, 2010

Researchers at Purdue University have developed a facility aimed at learning the chemical kinetic processes in coal and biomass gasification to improve thermodynamic efficiency and reduce the environmental impact of the technology. We want to show that our system is flexible for using coal and biomass. Earlier post.).

Coal

Coal Fuel Gore Production

CMU study finds that HEVs and PHEVs with small battery packs offer more emissions and oil displacement benefits per dollar spent than large pack PHEVs and BEVs; policy implications

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 27, 2011

Value of life-cycle emissions externality damages and oil premium costs from vehicles in 2010 $. A paper presenting the results of the group’s latest year-long study on the lifecycle air emissions and oil displacement benefits of plug-in vehicles was published this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

PHEV

PHEV Oil Emissions Batteries

Clean Energy delivers record 50.6M CNG gallons in Q3; acquires controlling interest in NG Advantage

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 15, 2014

Founded in 2011, NG Advantage transports CNG in high-capacity trailers to large industrial and institutional energy users such as hospitals, food processors, manufacturers and paper mills. Companies burning coal can reduce their CO2 emissions by 50% when converting to natural gas.

Clean

Clean Cleaning Energy CO2

EIA: US rail traffic reflects increase in crude oil production, decrease in coal use; coal still dominant

BP Statistical Review finds global oil share down for 12th year in a row, coal share up to highest level since 1969; renewables at 2%

Webinars

Trending Sources

Report finds Coal-to-Liquids and Oil Shale pose significant financial and environmental risks to investors

Webinars

IEA: Global CO2 emissions up by 1.0 Gt (3.2%) in 2011 to record high

China team optimizes catalytic hydrogenation process to convert coal tar to gasoline and diesel

Global CO2 emissions up 3% in 2011; per capita CO2 emissions in China reach EU levels

Bill requiring use of coal-derived fuels introduced in US House

Honeywell’s UOP Methanol-to-Olefins technology selected to convert coal to high-value petrochemicals in China

China to be Site of First Commercial Implementation of TRIG Coal Gasifier

EPA data shows sharp decline in 2013 methane emissions from hydraulically fractured wells: down 73% from 2011

IEA World Energy Outlook view on the transport sector to 2035; passenger car fleet doubling to almost 1.7B units, driving oil demand up to 99 mb/d; reconfirming the end of cheap oil

Transcanada restarts Keystone oil sands pipeline operations

TransGas and SK EC team on West Virginia coal-to-gasoline project

Texas Clean Energy Project signs long-term CO2 offtake agreement with Whiting Petroleum for enhanced oil recovery; 90% CO2 capture from IGCC coal polygen plant

EIA projects world energy use to increase 53% by 2035; oil sands/bitumen and biofuels account for 70% of the increase in unconventional liquid fuels

$3.8 Trillion FY 2011 US Budget Proposal Boosts Department of Energy Spending

Fuel provisions in the Tax Relief bill

Argonne study finds shale gas GHG lifecycle emissions 6% lower than natural gas, 23% lower than gasoline and 33% lower than coal; upstream methane leakage a key contributor

BG Group sanctions US$15B coal seam gas to LNG project; first such

EIA: world energy consumption to grow 56% 2010-2040, CO2 up 46%; use of liquid fuels in transportation up 38%

Linc Energy submits permit for Wyoming underground coal gasification demo facility

IEA World Energy Outlook 2013 sees CO2 emissions rising by 20% to 2035; oil use on upward trend

Tsinghua University provincial-level lifecycle study finds fuel-cycle criteria pollutants of EVs in China could be up to 5x those of natural gas vehicles due to China’s coal-dominant power mix

Worldwatch: Fossil fuel subsidies continue to outweigh those for renewable energy; international pledges on reform unfulfilled

Air Products awarded order in China for largest on-site air-separation unit to support Shaanxi coal chemical plant; collaboration with USTB

KPMG survey finds majority of energy execs see oil over $121/barrel this year; shale expected to have transformative impact, investment in alternatives increasing

Pew survey finds a 10 percentage point shift over past year in public opinion toward expanded production of fossil fuels; 78% favor fuel efficiency standards

ConocoPhillips announces sanction of $6B second train for Australia Pacific coal seam gas to LNG project; Sinopec interest to increase

EIA Energy Outlook 2011 more than doubles estimates of US shale gas resources; higher production at lower prices

Air Products Building Air Separation Units for China Coal-to-Chemicals Project

USGS/BOEM study identifies method to differentiate between natural seepage and produced oils in waters off Southern California

IEA WEO-2012 finds major shift in global energy balance but not onto a more sustainable path; identifies potential for transformative shift in global energy efficiency

ExxonMobil Canada acquires Celtic Exploration Ltd. for $2.6B, including liquids-rich Montney Shale acreage

Haldor Topsoe and Yanchang form joint venture and build methanol catalyst facility in China

Renault makes public its lifecycle study of Fluence ICE vs Fluence EV

RAND study concludes use of alternative fuels by US military would convey no direct military benefit; recommends energy efficiency instead

Lawrence Livermore and Navajo Nation to partner in energy efforts

Chinas 2008 GDP Up 9.6%, Unit GDP Energy Consumption Down 5.2%

MBD Energy orders large-scale algae extraction system from Origin Oil

UN report finds world needs incremental $1.9 trillion invested in green technologies to avert planetary catastrophe; global per capita cap on primary energy consumption of 70 GJ/yr may be required

Berkeley Lab releases 8th edition of databook on China’s energy and environment; finding the “missing” energy consumption

Purdue Team Develops High Pressure, High Temperature Gasifier in Pursuit of More Efficient Synthetic Fuels Production

CMU study finds that HEVs and PHEVs with small battery packs offer more emissions and oil displacement benefits per dollar spent than large pack PHEVs and BEVs; policy implications

Clean Energy delivers record 50.6M CNG gallons in Q3; acquires controlling interest in NG Advantage

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