INDUSTRY INSIGHTS YOUR PEERS ARE READING
The batteries can be re-charged by the diesel, as well as through regenerative braking. MORE
The service, for example, enables payments for refueling or re-charging electric cars. ZF has founded Car eWallet GmbH, a Berlin-based start-up, in which the company will outsource the current activities of the transaction service Car eWallet. MORE
This includes training for technicians and service personnel that will be operating and maintaining AFVs, and the associated fueling/re-charging infrastructure and service facilities, as well as tow-truck operators and automotive salvage/recycling operators that are dealing with wrecked vehicles and equipment end-of-life processes. MORE
As part of the pilot, Nissan and partners in New York City will also install several CHAdeMO-based DC quick chargers, which will enable drivers to re-charge their electric taxis quickly during their shift. With quick charging, Nissan LEAF can be recharged to about 80% in under 30 minutes. Nissan and New York City have launched a new electric vehicle taxi pilot with the Nissan LEAF. MORE
SCs are generally made of highly porous carbon impregnated with a liquid electrolyte to transport the electrical charge. Known for their almost indefinite lifespan and the ability to re-charge in seconds, the drawback of existing SCs is their low energy density. With a low energy density of 5-8 Wh/liter, SCs are unfeasibly large or must be re-charged frequently. MORE
The vans will go into service from December 2017 at delivery offices around the UK, supported by a comprehensive rollout of charging infrastructure. The batteries can be re-charged to 80% capacity in 30 minutes from a dedicated rapid charge point. MORE
These include the car’s ability to deliver an acceptable range between re-charges and to operate in extreme weather conditions. Rolls-Royce Motor Cars confirmed the development of 102EX, a one-off, fully electric-powered Phantom, to debut at the Geneva Motor Show on 1 March 2011. The car will tour during 2011, serving as a test bed to gather research data which will be used in informing future decisions on alternative drive-trains for Rolls-Royce Motor Cars. MORE
Carbon Day Automotive and Coulomb Technologies unveiled a solar-powered electric vehicle charging station in the City of Chicago. Carbon Day Automotive is the sole Midwest distributor for Coulomb Technologies ChargePoint Networked Charging Stations. MORE
This is due to the added weight of a large battery that, once depleted by pure-electric drive, will contribute nothing until it is plugged in and re-charged In a post on Toyota’s Open Road blog, Irv Miller, Toyota Group Vice President – Environmental and Public Affairs, wrote that contrary to some recent reports, Toyota has yet to offer mileage estimates on its plug-in hybrid technology. MORE
But suffice to say, the "Spirit" did lots of charging around: One showing was 95.4MPG for 90 with the 5-minute blue screen having readings: 30MPG; 100; 95; 70; and 100MPG. Wednesday, 11 February 2009 was continuing the reading after re-charging to 72.4MPG for 70 miles, but t'was exactly a PHEV Day, but more of one of rest and visiting with Mom and Sister Mary Catherine in re-scheduling preparation for Arizona. MORE
Chevrolet says it has made the charging system in the next-generation Volt even easier for customers to recharge the battery and to check the charge status. The new and enhanced features include: GPS location-based charging. Owners will now be able to set their charging preferences exclusively for their “home” charging location and the vehicle will automatically adjust to that setting when it is at that location. New, more intuitive charge status indicators. MORE
The United States Advanced Battery Consortium LLC (USABC) awarded a $2.28-million stop-start battery system development contract to Leyden Energy Inc., which is developing next-generation battery chemistries building off of its lithium-imide electrolyte platform. Earlier post.) MORE
The EV can be re-charged up to 80% of its capacity in 15 minutes using the quick charging system (3-phase 200VAC, 50 kW); a full recharge takes 8 hours with 100VAC household power or 5 hours with 200VAC. Components of the STELLA EV powertrain. Click to enlarge. MORE
Zephyr 7 runs exclusively on solar power, which is used during the day to charge the battery that is used to power the flight through the night; this flight in shorter days and longer nights was significantly more demanding than any previous one, Airbus noted. MORE
Family Mart convenience stores will be equipped for car-sharing of the EVs, along with solar power generating systems, highspeed recharging stations, a billing mechanism using a non-contract IC-imbedded smart card, terminals for remote battery monitoring of charging, discharging, wear data, and the stationary battery array used to move energy to and from the electric grid. Tags: Car Sharing Electric (Battery) Infrastructure Japan Smart charging Smart Grid MORE
The Virginia-based firm has developed a product called ‘Plugless Power’ which allows electric vehicles to be re-charged using a hands-free proximity system. The dual-component charging system based on inductive charging technology utilises a base station [.]. Tags: Electric cars charging electric Evatran induction US clean technology company, Evatran has developed wireless technology system to make it easier to recharge electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles. MORE
If a fleet of electric vehicles were used instead, a fleet of shared self-driving vehicles would need only 2% more vehicles, however, to accommodate battery re-charging times and reduced travel range. MORE
However, the distance that a drone can travel and the duration it can stay in the air is limited by the availability of power and re-charging requirements. This would cut out humans having to reach these difficult to access places to re-charge them. MORE
In addition to the suite of robotics concepts, Honda will showcase its Mobile Power Pack World, which includes a portable, swappable battery pack for electric vehicles, and a re-charging system for use at home, recreation or during a natural disaster. The Mobile Power Pack World at CES will also exhibit a battery exchanger concept that can store and charge mobile power packs. Honda R&D Co., the R&D subsidiary of Honda Motor Co., MORE
Because of our PbC battery’s extended cycle life, high rate of charge acceptance and fast re-charging capability, Axion is able to offer metrics that make economic sense especially when compared to other more exotic chemistries that are currently in the marketplace. Axion Power International, Inc., the developer of advanced leadcarbon PbC batteries and energy storage systems ( earlier post ), was awarded a purchase order from SilTek Inc. MORE
These characteristics favor EVs as the powertrain for driverless cars; they can easily re-charge themselves using existing and growing public charging networks as needed between trips, which eliminates any range anxiety. MORE
The Opel Ampera can transport four people up to 80 kilometers (50 miles) on pure electric power and more than 500 kilometers (311 miles) in bi-fuel operation without making a stop to re-charge. Opel has cut the price of the Opel Ampera, the European cousin of the Chevy Volt extended range electric vehicle (EREV), by €7,600 (US$10,000) to €38,000 (US$50,600). MORE
Opel engineers have mounted the batteries, which can be re-charged on a standard household 230-volt outlet under the floor of the Vivaro e-Concept. The Opel Vivaro e-Concept. Click to enlarge. MORE
The service, for example, enables payments for refueling or re-charging electric cars. ZF has founded Car eWallet GmbH, a Berlin-based start-up, in which the company will outsource the current activities of the transaction service Car eWallet. MORE
This battery could be one-fourth the cost of current car batteries, and could nearly triple the distance electric vehicles could travel on a single charge. Discharge and re-charge of such flow batteries occur in electrochemical cells separated from energy storing tanks, which makes them safer. MORE
Charge time is 3.8 REV will also provide on-board smart-grid and wireless telemetry capabilities, integrated data management and charging infrastructure. They are therefore ideal in respect to the opportunity to centralize re-charging infrastructure. MORE
Amsterdam’s electric vehicle charging infrastructure only uses energy from renewable resources. The 300 car2go vehicles and other electric cars in Amsterdam will have access to more than 250 charging stations in the city area right now, most of them with two load-points. MORE
It’s designed to go about 40 miles in all-electric mode after which a small gas powered engine kicks in and powers a generator which then re-charges the batteries. An American green technology company has developed a hybrid Hummer capable of over 100mpg. MORE
Battery driving range was the top concern about plug-ins (73%), followed by charging stations (69%); reliability and serviceability (64%); and safety (64%). 82% of respondents consider a range per charge of less than 200 miles to be acceptable. 65% of survey participants said they would subsidize local charging stations—nearly twice the portion of other countries surveyed. Chinese consumers led in their consideration of a plug-in vehicle purchase. Click to enlarge. MORE
According to a new survey from Pike Research, 48% of prospective US consumers would be “extremely” or “very” interested in purchasing a PHEV with a 40-mile range on a single charge (PHEV40), given electricity cost equivalent of $0.75 Expressed interest in PHEV40 purchases. Click to enlarge. MORE
Each truck will have a range of approximately 100 miles between charges, ideal for delivery routes in and around cities. The all electric trucks will deliver by day and re-charge overnight. MORE
When setting targets, member states are to pay particular attention to proving sufficient number of re-charging points and refueling points in urban areas. Europe Fuels Hydrogen Infrastructure Smart charging Minimum number of publicly-accessible recharging points for electric vehicles in each member state. Click to enlarge. MORE
Everyone’s all excited that Ford just turned a profit, but they’re doing it with a fleet of uninspired crappy cars that they practically have to give away. You might as well call most of the cars they’re selling “future clunkers.&# MORE
April 17, 2009 12:34 pm Link Perhaps they should turbo charge the Volt or Telsa to run more like this electric powered Datsun drag racer: [link] American’s love a hot rod. April 17, 2009 2:00 pm Link Re: “…then go another 200 miles, great for long trips i’m sure.&# MORE
The Li-ion cells use a nickel cobalt manganese chemistry with a gravimetric capacity of around 230 Wh/kg, a high energy density which is important in achieving an acceptable range between re-charges. Three separate charger units (3kW each) are fitted to the battery, which allow both single-phase (20 hours) or three-phase charging (8 hours); for a passenger car this is unique. Powertrain of the 102EX. Click to enlarge. MORE
Wagoner said GM is using the Saturn Vue hybrid sport utility vehicle to develop a plug-in hybrid, which can be re-charged from a standard electrical outlet, and will offer biofuel-capable Hummer SUVs. LOS ANGELES (MarketWatch) -- General Motors Corp. (GM) GM) Chief Executive Rick Wagoner said Wednesday that the U.S. needs to reduce dependence on foreign energy and insisted the No. MORE
Assuming a hybrid or electric vehicle could run on an electric charge for 200 miles, want the driving distance between re-charging points to be every 11 to 50 miles. Want re-charging to take less than 20 minutes. MORE
AV), a leading developer and supplier of electric vehicle charging infrastructure, to pursue demonstration and commercial projects using AV’s level III fast-charge system and the THINK City electric vehicle to jump-start the development of fast-charge infrastructure in the United States. The AV level III fast-charge system employs a protocol developed by Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO). It can also be charged using 110-volt current on a regular household outlet. MORE
Earlier work by Schubert, including a series of patents, used porous silicon as the storage material; strategic placement of catalyst atoms facilitate moderate-temperature and moderate-pressure re-charging of hydrogen. MORE
Delivery of power by the lithium-ion battery throughout its useful charge range is likewise significantly better, providing its full power, for example, when starting the engine almost independently of the current charge level. The new Li-ion starter battery. Click to enlarge. MORE
The plan, announced on Tuesday, 19 May at the C40 Climate Change Summit in Seoul, promises a range of measures to put at least 100,000 electric vehicles on London’s roads as soon as possible, from investment in re-charging infrastructure to financial incentives for consumers. MORE
The vessel will be capable of being completely independent from additional charging facilities, since re-charging of the energy storage system will be automatically managed by the Energy Management System, the “brain” of the Wärtsilä HY. MORE
In addition, proposals regarding re-charging infrastructure will be made based on the results of the EV range verification and other relevant information. The charging time of Fit EV is less than six hours with a 220V power supply; the range is more than 150 km (93 miles). Honda Motor (China) Investment Co., has begun demonstration testing of Fit EV concepts ( earlier post ) in Guangzhou, China. MORE
Paris, for example, has mandated that any electric car is allowed to re-charge at the re-charge stations of its car-sharing program Autolib. London for its part encourages EV adoption by waiving its congestion charge. MORE
Re-Charge Related Topics Green Car Congress
OCTOBER 21, 2016
However, the distance that a drone can travel and the duration it can stay in the air is limited by the availability of power and re-charging requirements. This would cut out humans having to reach these difficult to access places to re-charge them.
Plugs and Cars
NOVEMBER 29, 2006
Wagoner said GM is using the Saturn Vue hybrid sport utility vehicle to develop a plug-in hybrid, which can be re-charged from a standard electrical outlet, and will offer biofuel-capable Hummer SUVs. LOS ANGELES (MarketWatch) -- General Motors Corp. (GM) GM) Chief Executive Rick Wagoner said Wednesday that the U.S. needs to reduce dependence on foreign energy and insisted the No.
Green Car Congress
JULY 27, 2017
The vans will go into service from December 2017 at delivery offices around the UK, supported by a comprehensive rollout of charging infrastructure. The batteries can be re-charged to 80% capacity in 30 minutes from a dedicated rapid charge point.
Green Car Congress
SEPTEMBER 9, 2013
The Opel Ampera can transport four people up to 80 kilometers (50 miles) on pure electric power and more than 500 kilometers (311 miles) in bi-fuel operation without making a stop to re-charge. Opel has cut the price of the Opel Ampera, the European cousin of the Chevy Volt extended range electric vehicle (EREV), by €7,600 (US$10,000) to €38,000 (US$50,600).
Creative Greenius
AUGUST 5, 2009
Everyone’s all excited that Ford just turned a profit, but they’re doing it with a fleet of uninspired crappy cars that they practically have to give away. You might as well call most of the cars they’re selling “future clunkers.&#
Green Car Congress
DECEMBER 20, 2017
The vessel will be capable of being completely independent from additional charging facilities, since re-charging of the energy storage system will be automatically managed by the Energy Management System, the “brain” of the Wärtsilä HY.
Green Car Congress
JULY 6, 2018
The service, for example, enables payments for refueling or re-charging electric cars. ZF has founded Car eWallet GmbH, a Berlin-based start-up, in which the company will outsource the current activities of the transaction service Car eWallet.
Green Car Congress
APRIL 22, 2013
As part of the pilot, Nissan and partners in New York City will also install several CHAdeMO-based DC quick chargers, which will enable drivers to re-charge their electric taxis quickly during their shift. With quick charging, Nissan LEAF can be recharged to about 80% in under 30 minutes. Nissan and New York City have launched a new electric vehicle taxi pilot with the Nissan LEAF.
Green Car Congress
JANUARY 23, 2017
Earlier work by Schubert, including a series of patents, used porous silicon as the storage material; strategic placement of catalyst atoms facilitate moderate-temperature and moderate-pressure re-charging of hydrogen.
Green Car Congress
MARCH 16, 2016
The batteries can be re-charged by the diesel, as well as through regenerative braking.
Green Car Congress
JUNE 7, 2017
Paris, for example, has mandated that any electric car is allowed to re-charge at the re-charge stations of its car-sharing program Autolib. London for its part encourages EV adoption by waiving its congestion charge.
Green Cars News
DECEMBER 18, 2009
The Virginia-based firm has developed a product called ‘Plugless Power’ which allows electric vehicles to be re-charged using a hands-free proximity system. The dual-component charging system based on inductive charging technology utilises a base station [.]. Tags: Electric cars charging electric Evatran induction US clean technology company, Evatran has developed wireless technology system to make it easier to recharge electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles.
Green Car Congress
DECEMBER 8, 2017
In addition to the suite of robotics concepts, Honda will showcase its Mobile Power Pack World, which includes a portable, swappable battery pack for electric vehicles, and a re-charging system for use at home, recreation or during a natural disaster. The Mobile Power Pack World at CES will also exhibit a battery exchanger concept that can store and charge mobile power packs. Honda R&D Co., the R&D subsidiary of Honda Motor Co.,
Spirit of DC - PHEV3A
FEBRUARY 20, 2009
But suffice to say, the "Spirit" did lots of charging around: One showing was 95.4MPG for 90 with the 5-minute blue screen having readings: 30MPG; 100; 95; 70; and 100MPG. Wednesday, 11 February 2009 was continuing the reading after re-charging to 72.4MPG for 70 miles, but t'was exactly a PHEV Day, but more of one of rest and visiting with Mom and Sister Mary Catherine in re-scheduling preparation for Arizona.
Green Car Congress
AUGUST 3, 2013
SCs are generally made of highly porous carbon impregnated with a liquid electrolyte to transport the electrical charge. Known for their almost indefinite lifespan and the ability to re-charge in seconds, the drawback of existing SCs is their low energy density. With a low energy density of 5-8 Wh/liter, SCs are unfeasibly large or must be re-charged frequently.
Tony Karrer Delicious EVdriven
APRIL 21, 2009
April 17, 2009 12:34 pm Link Perhaps they should turbo charge the Volt or Telsa to run more like this electric powered Datsun drag racer: [link] American’s love a hot rod. April 17, 2009 2:00 pm Link Re: “…then go another 200 miles, great for long trips i’m sure.&#
Green Car Congress
FEBRUARY 23, 2018
Each truck will have a range of approximately 100 miles between charges, ideal for delivery routes in and around cities. The all electric trucks will deliver by day and re-charge overnight.
Green Car Congress
NOVEMBER 20, 2014
Chevrolet says it has made the charging system in the next-generation Volt even easier for customers to recharge the battery and to check the charge status. The new and enhanced features include: GPS location-based charging. Owners will now be able to set their charging preferences exclusively for their “home” charging location and the vehicle will automatically adjust to that setting when it is at that location. New, more intuitive charge status indicators.
Green Car Congress
NOVEMBER 23, 2009
Delivery of power by the lithium-ion battery throughout its useful charge range is likewise significantly better, providing its full power, for example, when starting the engine almost independently of the current charge level. The new Li-ion starter battery. Click to enlarge.
Green Car Congress
NOVEMBER 8, 2011
In addition, proposals regarding re-charging infrastructure will be made based on the results of the EV range verification and other relevant information. The charging time of Fit EV is less than six hours with a 220V power supply; the range is more than 150 km (93 miles). Honda Motor (China) Investment Co., has begun demonstration testing of Fit EV concepts ( earlier post ) in Guangzhou, China.
Green Car Congress
MARCH 1, 2011
The Li-ion cells use a nickel cobalt manganese chemistry with a gravimetric capacity of around 230 Wh/kg, a high energy density which is important in achieving an acceptable range between re-charges. Three separate charger units (3kW each) are fitted to the battery, which allow both single-phase (20 hours) or three-phase charging (8 hours); for a passenger car this is unique. Powertrain of the 102EX. Click to enlarge.
Green Car Congress
JANUARY 5, 2012
Because of our PbC battery’s extended cycle life, high rate of charge acceptance and fast re-charging capability, Axion is able to offer metrics that make economic sense especially when compared to other more exotic chemistries that are currently in the marketplace. Axion Power International, Inc., the developer of advanced leadcarbon PbC batteries and energy storage systems ( earlier post ), was awarded a purchase order from SilTek Inc.
Green Car Congress
FEBRUARY 20, 2011
These include the car’s ability to deliver an acceptable range between re-charges and to operate in extreme weather conditions. Rolls-Royce Motor Cars confirmed the development of 102EX, a one-off, fully electric-powered Phantom, to debut at the Geneva Motor Show on 1 March 2011. The car will tour during 2011, serving as a test bed to gather research data which will be used in informing future decisions on alternative drive-trains for Rolls-Royce Motor Cars.
Green Car Congress
APRIL 8, 2009
Carbon Day Automotive and Coulomb Technologies unveiled a solar-powered electric vehicle charging station in the City of Chicago. Carbon Day Automotive is the sole Midwest distributor for Coulomb Technologies ChargePoint Networked Charging Stations.
Green Car Congress
SEPTEMBER 22, 2014
Zephyr 7 runs exclusively on solar power, which is used during the day to charge the battery that is used to power the flight through the night; this flight in shorter days and longer nights was significantly more demanding than any previous one, Airbus noted.
Green Car Congress
MARCH 8, 2010
Assuming a hybrid or electric vehicle could run on an electric charge for 200 miles, want the driving distance between re-charging points to be every 11 to 50 miles. Want re-charging to take less than 20 minutes.
Green Car Congress
NOVEMBER 13, 2015
These characteristics favor EVs as the powertrain for driverless cars; they can easily re-charge themselves using existing and growing public charging networks as needed between trips, which eliminates any range anxiety.
Green Car Congress
SEPTEMBER 22, 2010
Opel engineers have mounted the batteries, which can be re-charged on a standard household 230-volt outlet under the floor of the Vivaro e-Concept. The Opel Vivaro e-Concept. Click to enlarge.
Green Car Congress
APRIL 30, 2015
If a fleet of electric vehicles were used instead, a fleet of shared self-driving vehicles would need only 2% more vehicles, however, to accommodate battery re-charging times and reduced travel range.
Green Car Congress
JUNE 3, 2013
The United States Advanced Battery Consortium LLC (USABC) awarded a $2.28-million stop-start battery system development contract to Leyden Energy Inc., which is developing next-generation battery chemistries building off of its lithium-imide electrolyte platform. Earlier post.)
Green Car Congress
MARCH 26, 2014
This includes training for technicians and service personnel that will be operating and maintaining AFVs, and the associated fueling/re-charging infrastructure and service facilities, as well as tow-truck operators and automotive salvage/recycling operators that are dealing with wrecked vehicles and equipment end-of-life processes.
Green Car Congress
FEBRUARY 8, 2009
This is due to the added weight of a large battery that, once depleted by pure-electric drive, will contribute nothing until it is plugged in and re-charged In a post on Toyota’s Open Road blog, Irv Miller, Toyota Group Vice President – Environmental and Public Affairs, wrote that contrary to some recent reports, Toyota has yet to offer mileage estimates on its plug-in hybrid technology.
Green Car Congress
NOVEMBER 26, 2013
When setting targets, member states are to pay particular attention to proving sufficient number of re-charging points and refueling points in urban areas. Europe Fuels Hydrogen Infrastructure Smart charging Minimum number of publicly-accessible recharging points for electric vehicles in each member state. Click to enlarge.
Green Car Congress
AUGUST 30, 2013
This battery could be one-fourth the cost of current car batteries, and could nearly triple the distance electric vehicles could travel on a single charge. Discharge and re-charge of such flow batteries occur in electrochemical cells separated from energy storing tanks, which makes them safer.
Green Car Congress
MAY 12, 2010
Family Mart convenience stores will be equipped for car-sharing of the EVs, along with solar power generating systems, highspeed recharging stations, a billing mechanism using a non-contract IC-imbedded smart card, terminals for remote battery monitoring of charging, discharging, wear data, and the stationary battery array used to move energy to and from the electric grid. Tags: Car Sharing Electric (Battery) Infrastructure Japan Smart charging Smart Grid
Green Car Congress
JUNE 5, 2009
The EV can be re-charged up to 80% of its capacity in 15 minutes using the quick charging system (3-phase 200VAC, 50 kW); a full recharge takes 8 hours with 100VAC household power or 5 hours with 200VAC. Components of the STELLA EV powertrain. Click to enlarge.
Green Car Congress
SEPTEMBER 8, 2009
According to a new survey from Pike Research, 48% of prospective US consumers would be “extremely” or “very” interested in purchasing a PHEV with a 40-mile range on a single charge (PHEV40), given electricity cost equivalent of $0.75 Expressed interest in PHEV40 purchases. Click to enlarge.
Green Cars News
AUGUST 11, 2009
It’s designed to go about 40 miles in all-electric mode after which a small gas powered engine kicks in and powers a generator which then re-charges the batteries. An American green technology company has developed a hybrid Hummer capable of over 100mpg.
Green Car Congress
OCTOBER 27, 2011
Amsterdam’s electric vehicle charging infrastructure only uses energy from renewable resources. The 300 car2go vehicles and other electric cars in Amsterdam will have access to more than 250 charging stations in the city area right now, most of them with two load-points.
Green Car Congress
APRIL 23, 2010
Battery driving range was the top concern about plug-ins (73%), followed by charging stations (69%); reliability and serviceability (64%); and safety (64%). 82% of respondents consider a range per charge of less than 200 miles to be acceptable. 65% of survey participants said they would subsidize local charging stations—nearly twice the portion of other countries surveyed. Chinese consumers led in their consideration of a plug-in vehicle purchase. Click to enlarge.
Green Cars News
JUNE 3, 2009
The plan, announced on Tuesday, 19 May at the C40 Climate Change Summit in Seoul, promises a range of measures to put at least 100,000 electric vehicles on London’s roads as soon as possible, from investment in re-charging infrastructure to financial incentives for consumers.
Green Car Congress
JANUARY 26, 2010
AV), a leading developer and supplier of electric vehicle charging infrastructure, to pursue demonstration and commercial projects using AV’s level III fast-charge system and the THINK City electric vehicle to jump-start the development of fast-charge infrastructure in the United States. The AV level III fast-charge system employs a protocol developed by Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO). It can also be charged using 110-volt current on a regular household outlet.
Green Car Congress
APRIL 23, 2010
Charge time is 3.8 REV will also provide on-board smart-grid and wireless telemetry capabilities, integrated data management and charging infrastructure. They are therefore ideal in respect to the opportunity to centralize re-charging infrastructure.
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