Gas-Electric, Gasoline, Plug and Resource

Argonne report on characteristics of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles in US

Green Car Congress

NOVEMBER 22, 2022

A new report from a team at Argonne National Laboratory examines the changing characteristics for light-duty plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) from 2010-2021, evaluating range, energy efficiency, costs, and performance. terawatt-hours of electricity to drive 19.1 billion miles, offsetting 700 million gallons of gasoline.

Plug-in

Plug-in Light Electric Vehicles Plug

Electric vs. Gasoline Cars: Uncovering the Real Climate Savior

The Truth About Cars

FEBRUARY 23, 2024

Photo credit: Nick Starichenko / Shutterstock.com Contrary to common misconceptions , electric vehicles (EVs) generally have a smaller carbon footprint compared to traditional gasoline cars. This advantage remains true even when considering the electricity utilized for charging EVs.

Gasoline-Electric

Gasoline-Electric Gasoline Climate EPA

MIT team proposes flex-fuel gasoline-alcohol engine PHEV long-haul trucks

Green Car Congress

APRIL 9, 2019

In a paper being presented at WCX SAE World Congress Experience in Detroit this week, a team from MIT is proposing the use of a flex-fuel gasoline-alcohol engine approach for a series-hybrid powertrain for long-haul Class 8 trucks. We think that the way to enable the use of electricity in these vehicles is with a plug-in hybrid.

MIT

MIT Gasoline Engine Fuel

Stellantis Limiting Availability of Gasoline Models by State Emission Rules

The Truth About Cars

JUNE 16, 2023

Stellantis is reportedly no longer allocating gasoline-only vehicles to the fourteen states with leadership that has agreed to adhere to the emission standards set by the California Air Resources Board (CARB). Some are working to trade for gasoline vehicles with stores in adjacent states. "I & For Stellantis brands (e.g.

Gasoline

Gasoline Emissions Available Rhode Island

CMU analysis finds BEVs powered with natural gas-based electricity have about 40% of the lifecycle GHGs of a conventional gasoline vehicle

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 21, 2015

According to a new lifecycle analysis by a team at Carnegie Mellon University, a battery electric vehicle (BEV) powered with natural gas-based electricity achieves around an average 40% lifecycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction when compared to a conventional gasoline vehicle. Earlier post.).

Gasoline-Electric

Gasoline-Electric Gas-Electric Gasoline Gas

List of The Best 10 Alternative Fuels for Cars that Could Replace Gasoline

Get Electric Vehicle

JUNE 5, 2023

Which are the alternative fuels for cars that could replace gasoline in vehicle? It takes really long to form fossil fuels They are air pollutants – Combustion of fossil fuels emits greenhouse gases causes air pollution Global warming – as a result of greenhouse gas emission, atmospheric temperature increases ( how? ).

Alternative Fuels

Alternative Fuels Gasoline Fuel Gasoline-Electric

ORNL study finds best current use of natural gas for cars is efficient production of electricity for EVs

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 24, 2014

However, they also noted, high PTW efficiencies and the moderate fuel economies of current compressed natural gas vehicles (CNGVs) make them a viable option as well. If CNG were to be eventually used in hybrids, the advantage of the electric generation/EV option shrinks. Their open access paper is published in the journal Energy.

Gas-Electric

Gas-Electric Gas Fuel Economy PHEV

EV myths busted: Are electric vehicles safer than gas-powered cars?

Drive Electric

SEPTEMBER 19, 2022

Electric vehicles have historically received a bad reputation for concerns around safety. Issues like thermal runaway, electrocution, and reports of inextinguishable fires plagued the pioneering electric vehicles. Useful terms: Internal Combustion Engine Vehicle (ICEV) and Electric Vehicle (EV). In fact, EVs have just 25.1

Gas-Electric

Gas-Electric Electric Vehicles Gas Power

CMU county-level study shows plug-ins have larger or smaller lifecycle GHG than gasoline ICE depending on regional factors

Green Car Congress

APRIL 9, 2016

A US-wide county-level study comparing lifecycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from several light-duty passenger gasoline and plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) has found that PEVs can have larger or smaller carbon footprints than gasoline vehicles depending on regional factors and the specific vehicle models being compared.

Gasoline

Gasoline Plug-in Prius Plug

Delaware adopting California’s ZEV regulations

Green Car Congress

MARCH 4, 2022

Managed by the Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control ( DNREC ), the ZEV program is designed to accelerate the commercialization of battery-electric, plug-in hybrid and fuel cell electric vehicles. Transportation is the leading source of greenhouse gas emissions in Delaware.

Delaware

Delaware Automobile Industry Gasoline-Electric Gas-Electric

Media Release: Plug’n Drive welcomes proposed discount electricity rate for EV chargers in Ontario

Plug N Drive

MAY 1, 2024

Plug’n Drive has EV charging resources to help with public charging , home charging , charging at work , and retrofitting condos. Presently, there are well over 700,000 electric and hybrid electric vehicles on Canadian roads and over 70 different EV models available, with more on the way at increasingly affordable prices.

Canada

Canada Electric Electrical Electric Vehicles

UC Davis report proposes mileage fee for EVs, maintaining fuel tax for ICEs to support road repairs

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 4, 2019

A research report submitted to the California Legislature this week by the University of California, Davis’ Institute of Transportation Studies proposes switching EVs to a mileage-based road-funding fee (road user charge, RUC) while continuing to have gasoline-powered cars pay gasoline taxes. on-board diagnostic [OBD] devices).

Davis

Davis Fuel Tax Tax Gasoline-Electric

Researchers suggest subsidies and policies targeting plug-ins with small battery packs would produce more benefits at lower cost

Green Car Congress

JULY 25, 2012

Federal subsidies and policies to encourage plug-in vehicle adoption would produce more benefits at lower cost by targeting the purchase of vehicles with small battery packs, according to Jeremy J. They found thousands of dollars of damages per vehicle (gasoline or electric) paid by the overall population rather than only by the emitters.

Plug-in

Plug-in Plug Batteries Battery

2023 was a tremendous year for both EVs and Plug In America!

Plug in America

DECEMBER 21, 2023

in a year First NEVI charging stations up and running Gasoline sales have passed their peak It’s been a busy year here on the policy team. The tax credits are pretty complicated, but Plug In America was committed to providing timely, accurate information to help drivers understand the tax credits.

Plug-in

Plug-in America Plug Tax Credit

Natural gas plug-in hybrid Class 4 logistics truck with EDI drive system

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 6, 2015

Hybrid and electric drivertrain provider Efficient Drivetrains, Inc. EDI), in partnership with Greenkraft, CALSTART and the California Energy Commission, has designed and optimized a compressed natural gas and plug-in hybrid electric Class-4 logistics truck.

Plug-in

Plug-in Gas Plug Hybrid

Honda details development of powertrain components for Accord plug-in hybrid

Green Car Congress

APRIL 17, 2013

At SAE World Congress in Detroit, Honda engineers presented several papers on the development of the new Accord plug-in hybrid, describing work on the new gasoline engine (which will also be featured in the coming full hybrid version of the Accord), and the development of the new two-motor system. gasoline engine. New engine.

Honda

Honda Plug-in Plug Hybrid

Volkswagen Group’s MQB plug-in hybrid powertrain; foundation for Golf GTE, A3 e-tron, and more

Green Car Congress

APRIL 3, 2014

The MQB plug-in hybrid powertrain serves both the A3 e-tron and the Golf GTE. The first two mainstream plug-in hybrid electric vehicles from the Volkswagen Group—e.g., The first two mainstream plug-in hybrid electric vehicles from the Volkswagen Group—e.g., Example of an MQB plug-in hybrid powertrain.

Plug-in

Plug-in Plug Hybrid Li-ion

Study finds energy savings of PHEVs relative to HEVs dependent on charging coverage and daily VMT

Green Car Congress

MARCH 11, 2014

A study based on a spatial and longitudinal travel dataset by a team from Lamar University, Iowa State University and Oak Ridge National Laboratory found that whether plug-in hybrids (PHEVs) have lower energy costs that conventional gasoline vehicles (CGVs) or hybrid-electric vehicles (HEVs) depends on charger coverage.

PHEV

PHEV Energy Charging Gasoline-Electric

Tech: Don’t Believe These 5 Plug-In Hybrid Myths!

Clean Fleet Report

SEPTEMBER 4, 2021

The rise of battery-electric vehicles (BEVs) have fans professing its technological wonders, while looking down at plug-in hybrid EVs (PHEVs). While BEVs use a battery-powered motor to power the vehicle, PHEVs have both a battery/electric motor and a gas engine to power them. Plugging in is key.

Plug-in

Plug-in Plug PHEV Hybrid

German team develops novel technique to determine fuel quality in plug-in hybrids

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 7, 2017

Series-production plug-in hybrid electric vehicles equipped with diesel engines are already available in the market or planned for the future (e.g., This tendency of fuel blends to form precipitates during long term storage could impact the operation of diesel plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEV). Resources. Eskiner, F.

Plug-in

Plug-in Plug Fuel Hybrid

Swiss WTW study finds important role for alternative fuels as well as alt drivetrains in move to low-emissions vehicles

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 3, 2014

WTW energy demand and GHG emissions for EV and PHEV drivetrains for various electricity sources; gasoline ICE vehicle is solid square, hybrid the hollow square. First, it considers the performance of both mature and novel hydrogen production processes, multiple electricity generation pathways and several alternative drivetrains.

Alternative Fuels

Alternative Fuels Emissions Fuel Switzerland

EPRI: lifetime cost of ownership of plug-ins is roughly comparable with conventional vehicles

Green Car Congress

JUNE 11, 2013

Consumers who purchase an electric vehicle will find that lifetime costs to own the vehicle are competitive with conventional and hybrid vehicles, according to an analysis conducted by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). —“Total Cost of Ownership for Current Plug-in Electric Vehicles”.

EPRI

EPRI Plug-in Cost Of Plug

EIA projects decline in transportation sector energy consumption through 2037 despite increase in VMT, followed by increase

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 28, 2019

EIA’s Annual Energy Outlook 2019 projects continued robust growth in US energy production, emergence of the United States as an energy exporter, and a cleaner S electric power generation mix. Light-duty vehicle energy efficiencies are affected by current federal fuel economy and greenhouse gas emission standards.

Transportation

Transportation Energy Fuel Economy 2018

Enerpulse explains mechanism by which pulsed energy ignition plugs enhance fuel economy

Green Car Congress

JULY 23, 2014

Unlike conventional spark plugs that only ionize fuel in the spark gap, n-PAC’s high-energy electrical discharge, which includes ionic wind and photon energy, projects well into the cylinder, ionizing a significantly larger amount of the total fuel charge.

Fuel Economy

Fuel Economy Plug Economy Energy

Plug’n Drive launches online tool to help Canadian drivers find their electric vehicle match

Plug N Drive

JANUARY 14, 2021

Find Your EV Match Plug’n Drive has launched the “Find Your EV Match” online tool. This interactive website is the first of its kind in Canada that allows users to compare gas and electric cars and, based on their driving habits and budget, find the electric vehicle (EV) model that works best for their lifestyle.

Electric Vehicles

Electric Vehicles Gasoline-Electric Canada Vehicles

Study suggests pulsed energy spark plug may support mainstream deployment of advanced, ultra-efficient spark-ignition GDI engines

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 1, 2012

Findings in a study by a team from Texas A&M and Enerpulse ( earlier post ) suggest that pulsed energy spark plugs may be able to serve as enabling technology to support the mainstream deployment of advanced, ultra-clean and ultra-efficient spark ignition internal combustion engines.

Plug

Plug Engine Energy Plug-in

CMU study concludes alt fuel vehicle incentives for OEMs result in increased fleet gasoline consumption and emissions

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 15, 2016

A study by researchers at Carnegie Mellon University has concluded that regulatory incentives for OEMs for alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs) intended to encourage a technology transition in the transportation fleet result in increased fleet-wide gasoline consumption and emissions. —Jenn et al. Click to enlarge. —Jenn et al.

Gasoline

Gasoline Fleet Emissions Fuel

Purdue team developing pre-chamber technology for cars for ultra-lean combustion

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 12, 2019

Purdue University researchers are developing pre-chamber technology for automobiles to replace conventional spark plugs and enable more reliable ultra-lean combustion. The auto industry is feeling the pressure to optimize these engines because of the competition from electric vehicles. Resources. —Li Qiao. 15/795,937.

Cars

Cars Gasoline-Electric Engine Gasoline

Congressional Budget Office estimates US federal policies promoting EVs and other fuel-efficient vehicles will cost $7.5B through 2019; little or no impact on gasoline use and GHG in the short term

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 21, 2012

Tax credits and gasoline prices necessary for various electric vehicles to be cost-competitive with conventional vehicles at 2011 vehicle prices. The electric vehicles that are the focus of this study fall into two broad classes: plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and battery-electric vehicles. Source: CBO.

Tax Credit

Tax Credit Gasoline Tax Gasoline-Electric

EIA Energy Outlook 2011 more than doubles estimates of US shale gas resources; higher production at lower prices

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 17, 2010

Shale gas offsets declines in other US supply to meet. The Annual Energy Outlook 2011 (AEO2011) Reference case released yesterday by the US Energy Information Administration (EIA) more than doubles the technically recoverable US shale gas resources assumed in AEO2010 and added new shale oil resources. Source: EIA.

Gas

Gas 2011 Price Energy

EPA trends report sees record levels of average new vehicle fuel economy and CO2 emissions for MY 2012; role of new gasoline vehicle technologies

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 13, 2013

EPA projects advanced transmissions (6+ speeds and CVTs), gasoline direct injection (GDI) systems, and turbocharged engines will be installed on at least 15% of all MY 2013 vehicles. The majority of the emissions and fuel savings from current vehicles, EPA noted, is due to new gasoline vehicle technologies. Click to enlarge.

Fuel Economy

Fuel Economy 2012 Economy EPA

SFU researchers find promise for plug-in vehicles in Canada, but need for increased supply and policy support

Green Car Congress

JULY 16, 2015

New work by a team at Simon Fraser University (SFU) in Canada has found that more than one-third of Canadian buyers want a plug-in vehicle (PEV), with the majority of those (89—93%) wanting a plug-in hybrid rather than a pure electric vehicle. The latter report was published in Energy Economics. Source: “Electrifying Vehicles”.

Canada

Canada Plug-in Plug Supplies

Gov’t, industry, national labs collaborate on comprehensive cradle-to-grave LCA study and economic assessment of LDV GHG reductions

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 11, 2018

Numerous LCA tools have been used to evaluate the GHG emissions associated with various vehicle-fuel technologies, including fossil fuels, biofuels, hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVS), and battery electric vehicles (BEVs).

Industrial

Industrial Industry Gasoline-Electric PHEV

Insight into benzene formation could help development of cleaner combustion engines

Green Car Congress

JUNE 10, 2021

The industrial processes behind crude oil refineries and the inner-workings of gas-powered combustion engines can emit PAHs, which can form into toxic air pollutants such as soot. Furthermore, equipping airplanes and the gasoline-powered component of hybrid plug-in EVs with cleaner combustion engines could help reduce CO 2 emissions.

Cleaner

Cleaner Insight Engine Hawaii

U Toronto LCA suggests that with CNG as primary vehicle energy source, EVs best targeted at non-attainment areas

Green Car Congress

APRIL 1, 2015

Among their findings, published in a paper in the ACS journal Environmental Science & Technology , are that policies should for the foreseeable future focus on the niche adoption of plug-in vehicles in non-attainment regions, as CNG vehicles are likely more cost-effective at providing overall life cycle air emissions impact benefits.

Climate Change

Climate Change Energy Gas-Electric Plug-in

MEDIA RELEASE: Plug’n Drive Appoints Tracy Walden as Vice President of Communications

Plug N Drive

MARCH 20, 2024

March 20, 2024, Toronto, Ontario – Plug’n Drive, a non-profit organization dedicated to advancing the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) across Canada, proudly announces the appointment of Ottawa-based Tracy Walden to the newly-created role of Vice President of Communications.

Canada

Canada Plug-in Plug Gasoline-Electric

JEC updates well-to-wheels study on automotive fuels and powertrains; electro-mobility, natural gas and biofuels

Green Car Congress

MARCH 27, 2014

It adds an assessment of electrically chargeable vehicle configurations, such as plug-in hybrid, range extended, battery and fuel-cell electric vehicles. It also introduces an update of natural gas pathways, taking into account the addition of a European shale gas pathway. ICE-based vehicles and fuels.

Gas

Gas Fuel Gas-Electric Gasoline-Electric

Cleaner fuels have replaced more than 3B gallons of diesel under California Low Carbon Fuel Standard

Green Car Congress

MAY 17, 2019

New 2018 data from the California Air Resources Board (CARB) indicates that the state’s Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) continues to drive production of a growing volume of cleaner transportation fuels for California consumers. To date almost 3.3 billion gallons of petroleum diesel have been displaced by clean, low-carbon alternatives.

Cleaner

Cleaner California Standards Carbon

Third Phase of SDGE In-Use Study Shows PHEVs Excel on Fuel Economy and GHG Emissions Reductions Compared to Gasoline ICE and Hybrid-Electric Vehicles

Green Car Congress

JULY 16, 2009

The third phase of a SDG&E multi-year in-use study on plug-in hybrid electric vehicles showed that plug-in hybrids offer significant improvements in gas mileage and reductions in emissions when compared with standard hybrid-electric and gasoline internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. Earlier post.)

Gasoline-Electric

Gasoline-Electric San Diego Gasoline PHEV

CMU/Ford study assesses optimal mix of conventional, hybrid, plug-in hybrid and electric vehicles for minimizing GHG and cost

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 31, 2012

In a new study, a team from Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) and Ford Research and Advanced Engineering set out to determine the optimal mix for the fleet of mid-size personal vehicles in the US—while maintaining current driving patterns—with the goals of minimizing greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) or cost. Gas prices above $3.25/gal

Plug-in

Plug-in Plug Hybrid Electric Vehicles

“Big data” analysis of Beijing taxi fleet suggests maximum electrification subsidy benefit from targeting medium-range plug-in hybrids

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 2, 2013

A pair of researchers at the University of Michigan have used “big data” mining techniques to evaluate the impact of adopting plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) in the Beijing taxi fleet on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions based on the characterized individual travel patterns. In particular, consumer travel patterns (i.e.,

Taxi

Taxi Plug-in Fleet PHEV

California ARB approves ACC II rule; 100% of LDVs to be PHEVS, ZEV by 2035; LEV IV emissions requirements

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 26, 2022

The California Air Resources Board approved the Advanced Clean Cars II (ACC II) rule. The rule establishes a year-by-year roadmap so that by 2035 100% of new cars and light trucks sold in California will be zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs).

PHEV

PHEV Emissions California Cleaner

Cal Energy Commission approves ~$9M for DC fast chargers; $12.6M for NGV incentives

Green Car Congress

APRIL 14, 2016

The California Energy Commission approved nearly $9 million in grants for the installation of DC fast chargers along major state freeways and highways to allow electric vehicle drivers to travel from San Diego to the Oregon border without worrying about running out of energy. Environmental and public health impacts of electricity generation.

DC

DC San Diego Energy Grant

EIA: light duty vehicle energy consumption to drop 25% by 2040; increased oil production, vehicle efficiency reduce US oil and liquid imports

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 16, 2013

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emission standards and CAFE standards increase new LDV fuel economy through model year 2025 and beyond, with more fuel-efficient new vehicles gradually replacing older vehicles on the road and raising the fuel efficiency of the LDV stock by an average of 2.0% per year, from 21.5 l/100 km) in 2012 to 37.2

Oil

Oil Light Energy Vehicles

Argonne report on characteristics of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles in US

Electric vs. Gasoline Cars: Uncovering the Real Climate Savior

MIT team proposes flex-fuel gasoline-alcohol engine PHEV long-haul trucks

Stellantis Limiting Availability of Gasoline Models by State Emission Rules

CMU analysis finds BEVs powered with natural gas-based electricity have about 40% of the lifecycle GHGs of a conventional gasoline vehicle

List of The Best 10 Alternative Fuels for Cars that Could Replace Gasoline

ORNL study finds best current use of natural gas for cars is efficient production of electricity for EVs

EV myths busted: Are electric vehicles safer than gas-powered cars?

CMU county-level study shows plug-ins have larger or smaller lifecycle GHG than gasoline ICE depending on regional factors

Delaware adopting California’s ZEV regulations

Media Release: Plug’n Drive welcomes proposed discount electricity rate for EV chargers in Ontario

UC Davis report proposes mileage fee for EVs, maintaining fuel tax for ICEs to support road repairs

Researchers suggest subsidies and policies targeting plug-ins with small battery packs would produce more benefits at lower cost

2023 was a tremendous year for both EVs and Plug In America!

Natural gas plug-in hybrid Class 4 logistics truck with EDI drive system

Honda details development of powertrain components for Accord plug-in hybrid

Volkswagen Group’s MQB plug-in hybrid powertrain; foundation for Golf GTE, A3 e-tron, and more

Study finds energy savings of PHEVs relative to HEVs dependent on charging coverage and daily VMT

Tech: Don’t Believe These 5 Plug-In Hybrid Myths!

German team develops novel technique to determine fuel quality in plug-in hybrids

Swiss WTW study finds important role for alternative fuels as well as alt drivetrains in move to low-emissions vehicles

EPRI: lifetime cost of ownership of plug-ins is roughly comparable with conventional vehicles

EIA projects decline in transportation sector energy consumption through 2037 despite increase in VMT, followed by increase

Enerpulse explains mechanism by which pulsed energy ignition plugs enhance fuel economy

Plug’n Drive launches online tool to help Canadian drivers find their electric vehicle match

Study suggests pulsed energy spark plug may support mainstream deployment of advanced, ultra-efficient spark-ignition GDI engines

CMU study concludes alt fuel vehicle incentives for OEMs result in increased fleet gasoline consumption and emissions

Purdue team developing pre-chamber technology for cars for ultra-lean combustion

Congressional Budget Office estimates US federal policies promoting EVs and other fuel-efficient vehicles will cost $7.5B through 2019; little or no impact on gasoline use and GHG in the short term

EIA Energy Outlook 2011 more than doubles estimates of US shale gas resources; higher production at lower prices

EPA trends report sees record levels of average new vehicle fuel economy and CO2 emissions for MY 2012; role of new gasoline vehicle technologies

SFU researchers find promise for plug-in vehicles in Canada, but need for increased supply and policy support

Gov’t, industry, national labs collaborate on comprehensive cradle-to-grave LCA study and economic assessment of LDV GHG reductions

Insight into benzene formation could help development of cleaner combustion engines

U Toronto LCA suggests that with CNG as primary vehicle energy source, EVs best targeted at non-attainment areas

MEDIA RELEASE: Plug’n Drive Appoints Tracy Walden as Vice President of Communications

JEC updates well-to-wheels study on automotive fuels and powertrains; electro-mobility, natural gas and biofuels

Cleaner fuels have replaced more than 3B gallons of diesel under California Low Carbon Fuel Standard

Third Phase of SDGE In-Use Study Shows PHEVs Excel on Fuel Economy and GHG Emissions Reductions Compared to Gasoline ICE and Hybrid-Electric Vehicles

CMU/Ford study assesses optimal mix of conventional, hybrid, plug-in hybrid and electric vehicles for minimizing GHG and cost

“Big data” analysis of Beijing taxi fleet suggests maximum electrification subsidy benefit from targeting medium-range plug-in hybrids

California ARB approves ACC II rule; 100% of LDVs to be PHEVS, ZEV by 2035; LEV IV emissions requirements

Cal Energy Commission approves ~$9M for DC fast chargers; $12.6M for NGV incentives

EIA: light duty vehicle energy consumption to drop 25% by 2040; increased oil production, vehicle efficiency reduce US oil and liquid imports

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