2016, Gasoline and Vehicles

Gasoline consumption per capita in 2020 was on par with that in 1965

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 8, 2021

Because of the pandemic, there was a substantial reduction in 2020 in vehicle miles traveled. Overall , vehicle miles traveled in 2020 were down 13% compared with 2019. The results show that gasoline consumption per capita in 2020 was on par with that 55 years ago. Total consumption. Total consumption (millions of gallons).

2020

2020 Gasoline 2019 2000

DOE: plug-in vehicles in US displaced 323M gallons of gasoline in 2018; ~0.25%

Green Car Congress

MAY 14, 2019

In 2018, plug-in light-duty vehicles on the road displaced 323 million gallons of gasoline—about one quarter of a percent of all gasoline used in the United States, according to the US Department of Energy (DOE). Gasoline displacement from plug-in vehicles is about 42% more than it was in. Source: DOE.

Plug-in

Plug-in 2018 Gasoline Plug

Report suggests low-speed electric vehicles could affect Chinese demand for gasoline and disrupt oil prices worldwide

Green Car Congress

MAY 22, 2019

Low-speed electric vehicles (LSEVs) could reduce China’s demand for gasoline and, in turn, impact global oil prices, according to a new issue brief by an expert in the Center for Energy Studies at Rice University’s Baker Institute for Public Policy. “ —Gabriel Collins.

Oil Prices

Oil Prices Gasoline-Electric Gasoline Oil

EIA: US gasoline consumption hit all-time high in 2016

Green Car Congress

APRIL 5, 2017

Consumption of motor gasoline in the US hit an all-time high in 2016, reaching 9.327 million barrels per day, up 1.6% Early in 2016, EIA had projected that US gasoline consumption would remain below the 2007 peak despite an increase in travel, attributing that expected outcome largely to improvements in light-duty vehicle fuel economy.

2016

2016 Gasoline 2007 Fuel Economy

FCA recalls 850,000+ gasoline vehicles due to problem with catalytic converters

Green Car Congress

MARCH 14, 2019

Fiat-Chrysler of America (FCA) will recall more than 850,000 gasoline-powered passenger cars and SUVs due to a problem with their catalytic converters. There are about 50,000 of these vehicles in California. But in California, drivers who fail to get the necessary repairs will not be able to register their vehicles.

Convert

Convert Gasoline Ozone Dodge

EPA: US GHG emissions in 2017 down 0.3% from 2016

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 14, 2019

from 2016, according to the US Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA’s) latest Greenhouse Gas Inventory. The decrease in total greenhouse gas emissions between 2016 and 2017 was driven in part by a decrease in CO 2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion. In 2017, total gross U.S. greenhouse gas emissions were 6,472.3

2017

2017 2016 Emissions EPA

DOE: MY2016 PHEV median full range longer than gasoline vehicle median range

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 23, 2016

The US Department of Energy (DOE) has compiled figures showing that although most electric vehicles (EV) have shorter ranges than gasoline vehicles, there are EVs with ranges equal to or greater than some gasoline-powered models. Further, the median range for plug-in electric vehicles (PHEVs) is 440 miles (708.11

PHEV

PHEV Gasoline Range Gasoline-Electric

Geely supporting Danish initiative on e-methanol with vehicle trials in Aalborg

Green Car Congress

MARCH 30, 2022

Danish Minister for Transport Trine Bramsen, Aalborg municipal government representatives, and European media were invited to witness the first test runs of Geely methanol vehicles on Danish roads and visit the e-methanol production facility at Aalborg University. Both have their own advantages and together complement each other, Geely says.

Denmark

Denmark Vehicles Iceland Renewable

Argonne releases new cradle-to-grave lifecycle analysis of US LDV vehicle-fuel pathways

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 6, 2022

Argonne National Laboratory has published a new cradle-to-grave (C2G) lifecycle analysis (LCA) of US LDV vehicle-fuel pathways. This analysis builds on a previous comprehensive life cycle analysis, updating that study’s 2016 assumptions and methods. This C2G GHG assessment includes both fuel and vehicle production life cycles.

Fuel

Fuel Vehicles PHEV Carbon

Chrysler to introduce PHEV models in 2016 and 2017 to meet ZEV requirements; new FCA gasoline engine family coming in 2015

Green Car Congress

MAY 6, 2014

Fiat Chrysler Automobiles’ (FCA) Chrysler Brand will launch two plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEV) over the next several years, said Al Gardner, President and CEO of the Chrysler Brand, during the FCA Investor Day presentations at Auburn Hills, Mi. FCA will launch a PHEV minivan in 2016 to comply with ZEV requirements. —Bob Lee.

Chrysler

Chrysler PHEV 2016 Gasoline

Corning hits 1-million-unit milestone with gasoline particulate filter production

Green Car Congress

JUNE 26, 2018

Corning Incorporated’s Environmental Technologies business reached a significant production milestone at its Kaiserslautern, Germany manufacturing facility with the production of its 1 millionth Corning DuraTrap GC gasoline particulate filter (GPF) for automotive emissions control.

Gasoline

Gasoline Production China Exhaust

Sales of chargeable vehicles more than triple in EU in Q3 to take 9.9% new market share

Green Car Congress

NOVEMBER 6, 2020

of passenger cars sold in the EU were electrically-chargeable vehicles, compared to 3.0% The support measures introduced by various countries to stimulate car demand amid the COVID-19 pandemic disadvantaged conventionally-powered vehicles. Gasoline car sales posted an even stronger drop (-24.3%), going from more than 1.7

Market

Market Sale Cyprus Gasoline-Electric

Nissan introducing Serena with 2nd-generation e-POWER system in Japan

Green Car Congress

NOVEMBER 29, 2022

Sales of gasoline-powered models will start this winter, and e-POWER models are to start in spring. Nissan first introduced a Serena e-POWER model in 2018 ( earlier post )—the second second model with the e-POWER system, which was first introduced in the Nissan Note in Japan in 2016. e-Power vehicles do not use grid charging.

Japan

Japan Nissan Power Powered

EIA expects US household spending for gasoline to remain below $2,000 in 2017; record-high gasoline consumption of 9.3M barrels/day

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 9, 2017

According to projections in US Energy Information Administration’s (EIA’s) most recent Short-Term Energy Outlook (STEO), the average US household expenditure on gasoline in 2017 will total $1,977, or approximately 2.4% The most recent peak for household gasoline expenditures was $2,715, or 4.0% of mean incomes of households.

Gasoline

Gasoline 2017 2012 Fuel Economy

FCA approving use of E15 in MY 2016 vehicles

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 18, 2015

Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (FCA) is approving the use of E15 (15% ethanol and 85% gasoline) in its model year (MY) 2016 Chrysler/Fiat, Jeep, Dodge and Ram vehicles. More than 12% of the vehicles sold so far in the United States in 2015 have been FCA vehicles. —Bob Dineen.

2016

2016 Chrysler Vehicles Dodge

JATO: new car CO2 emissions rise for the first time in a decade in Europe; diesel down, gasoline up, SUVs up

Green Car Congress

MARCH 6, 2018

This rise in average CO 2 emissions correlates with a decrease in demand for diesel cars across Europe—which produce lower CO 2 emissions than gasoline cars—and the rising popularity of SUVs, which emit higher average CO 2 emissions of 133.0 g/km, compared to gasoline cars, which had an average of 123.4 g/km CO 2 emitted.

Gasoline

Gasoline Diesel Emissions SUV

EEA: Fuel efficiency improvements of new cars in Europe slowed in 2016

Green Car Congress

APRIL 20, 2017

The EU remains well below its target of 130 g CO 2 /km set for 2015; however, compared to 2016, annual improvements in vehicle efficiency need to increase significantly in each of the coming five years in order to achieve the second average emissions target of 95 g CO 2 /km by 2021. Source: EEA. Click to enlarge. of registrations.

2016

2016 Czech Republic Fuel Europe

California 2017 GHG inventory shows 1.2% total drop from 2016; transportation sector emissions up 1%

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 14, 2019

In 2017, emissions from GHG emitting activities statewide were 424 million metric tons of CO 2 equivalent (MMTCO 2 e), 5 MMTCO 2 e lower than 2016 levels and 7 MMTCO 2 e below the 2020 GHG Limit of 431 MMTCO 2 e. Compared to 2016, California’s GDP grew 3.6% On-Road Total” is the sum of “Passenger Vehicles” and “Heavy Duty Vehicles.”

2017

2017 2016 Transportation Emissions

Indianapolis plans to add 425 PHEVs and BEVs to municipal fleet by 2016

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 29, 2014

The City of Indianapolis will upgrade 425 non-police-pursuit sedans in its muncipal fleet to plug-in hybrid and battery electric vehicles by early 2016, cut the size of the fleet by 100 vehicles, and save $8.7 The Indy fleet would be the largest municipal fleet of electrified vehicles in the US. million over ten years.

Indianapolis

Indianapolis 2016 Fleet PHEV

UMTRI study finds US diesel vehicles generally have lower total cost of ownership than gasoline vehicles

Green Car Congress

JUNE 28, 2013

TCO for selected gas and diesel vehicles over a 3 year timeframe. Diesel vehicles generally saved owners between $2,000 to $6,000 in total ownership costs during a three to five year period when compared to similar gasoline vehicles, according to data compiled by the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute (UMTRI).

Cost Of

Cost Of Diesel Gasoline Vehicles

UMTRI study finds diesel vehicles save owners thousands in total ownership costs compared to gasoline vehicles

Green Car Congress

JULY 19, 2013

Drivers of diesel vehicles can save thousands of dollars in total ownership costs compared to similar gasoline vehicles, according to a University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute (UMTRI) study. —UMTRI researcher Bruce Belzowski. Belzowski and UMTRI colleague Paul E. Among their findings:??.

Gasoline

Gasoline Diesel Vehicles Fuel Economy

Sales of Nissan e-POWER electrified vehicles in Japan surpasses 500,000-unit cumulative milestone

Green Car Congress

APRIL 6, 2021

Nissan announced that cumulative sales of vehicles with its e-POWER electrified powertrain ( earlier post ) surpassed 500,000 units at the end of March. The e-POWER system uses a highly efficient gasoline engine to generate electricity for the electric motor that propels the vehicle. e-POWER power train (for New Note).

Japan

Japan Nissan Power Powered

EIA expects gasoline consumption in US to remain below 2007 peak despite increase in travel

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 23, 2016

The US Energy Information Administration (EIA) expects that motor gasoline consumption in the US will remain below the 2007 peak despite an increase in travel. EIA attributes the outcome largely to improvements in light-duty vehicle fuel economy. STEO forecasts motor gasoline consumption to average 9.23 below its 2007 level.

2007

2007 Gasoline Fuel Economy 2016

Study finds ethanol blending appears to reduce significantly genotoxic emissions from gasoline direct injection vehicles

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 24, 2016

A research team from Empa (Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology) and the University of Applied Sciences Bern, Laboratory for Exhaust Emission Control, reports that ethanol blending appeared to reduce genotoxic emissions from a flex-fuel Euro-5 gasoline direct injection (GDI) vehicle (a Volvo V60 with a 1.6

Gasoline

Gasoline Emissions Exhaust Vehicles

Cooperation between Daimler and Renault-Nissan Alliance deepening in 2016

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 3, 2016

At the Paris Motor Show, Carlos Ghosn and Dieter Zetsche said that the strategic partnership between the Renault-Nissan Alliance and Daimler AG is maturing as it enters its seventh year in 2016. These all-new smart and the Renault Twingo were the first vehicles built on a common platform by Daimler and the Alliance. Earlier post.)

2016

2016 Nissan South Africa Infinity

NC State study finds non-FFV vehicles can adapt to mid-level ethanol blend

Green Car Congress

APRIL 9, 2019

A study by a team from North Carolina State University, with colleagues from the Urban Air Initiative and 3DATX Corporation, has shown that non-FFVs (flexible-fuel vehicles) can adapt to a mid-level ethanol blend—specifically E27. All vehicles were measured with air-conditioning on. — lead researcher Dr. Chis Frey.

Vehicles

Vehicles Emissions North Carolina Gasoline

Study finds catalyzed gasoline particulate filters effective at reducing particulate and PAH emissions from GDI engines

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 22, 2018

The researchers assessed the gaseous, particulate, and genotoxic pollutants from two current technology gasoline direct injection vehicles when tested in their original configuration and with a catalyzed gasoline particulate filter (GPF). Their study is publishedin the ACS journal Environmental Science & Technology. Yang et al.

Gasoline

Gasoline Emissions Engine Fuel Economy

EPA proposes Tier 3 standards for gasoline sulfur content and vehicle emissions; harmonized with California LEV III

Green Car Congress

MARCH 29, 2013

The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) proposed long-anticipated Tier 3 standards for gasoline sulfur content; evaporative emissions; and tailpipe emissions from all light-duty vehicles (LDVs, or passenger cars), light-duty trucks (LDT1s, LDT2s, LDT3s, and LDT4s) and Medium-Duty Passenger Vehicles (or MDPVs). Model Year.

EPA

EPA Gasoline Standards Emissions

Navigant Research: sales of plug-in electric buses increased 40% from 2016 to 2017

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 17, 2017

According to a new report from Navigant Research, sales for plug-in electric buses increased 40% from 2016 to 2017, as the technology on offer from bus companies has improved in performance and in price. Highlights of the report include: The market for new buses represents approximately 17% of the overall sales of new commercial vehicles.

2017

2017 Plug-in 2016 Plug

Toyota starts production of 5th-generation hybrid powertrain in Europe for new Corolla

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 20, 2022

The MG1 is an auxiliary motor/generator which acts as a starter for the gasoline engine, generates electricity to power the MG2 motor and charges battery. liter gasoline engine produced at TMUK to form the 5 th -generation hybrid electric powertrain. It also recoups part of kinetic energy generated by breaking and deceleration.

Toyota

Toyota Europe Hybrid Poland

EPA trends report sees record levels of average new vehicle fuel economy and CO2 emissions for MY 2012; role of new gasoline vehicle technologies

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 13, 2013

EPA projects advanced transmissions (6+ speeds and CVTs), gasoline direct injection (GDI) systems, and turbocharged engines will be installed on at least 15% of all MY 2013 vehicles. The majority of the emissions and fuel savings from current vehicles, EPA noted, is due to new gasoline vehicle technologies.

Fuel Economy

Fuel Economy 2012 Economy EPA

Audi begins initial engine testing of Global Bioenergies, Fraunhofer e-gasoline

Green Car Congress

MARCH 9, 2018

Audi remains convinced of the potential of the fuels e-gas, “e-benzin” (e-gasoline) and e-diesel and is continuing to pursue its e-fuels strategy. galons US), the largest batch yet produced—of synthetic Audi e-gasoline for initial engine tests. Audi “e-benzin” (e-gasoline) is essentially a liquid isooctane. Earlier post.)

Audi

Audi Gasoline Global Engine

2016 Ford F-150 offers ability to run on compressed natural gas, propane

Green Car Congress

MAY 5, 2015

Ford will offer the 2016 F-150 with an available gaseous-fuel prep package that enables 5.0-liter The 2016 Ford F-150 with 5.0-liter liter V6 engine, given the capability of the 2016 F-150 5.0-liter 2016 F-150 trucks running on CNG or propane will be able to tow the same amount as if they were running on gasoline.

F-150

F-150 2016 Ford Gas

Nissan launches new Note Aura in Japan; enhanced e-POWER electrified powertrain

Green Car Congress

JUNE 15, 2021

The all-new vehicle inherits the comfort and advanced safety technologies of the Note e-POWER launched last year, with added premium furnishings and system enhancements. e-POWER uses a highly efficient gasoline engine to generate electricity for the electric motor that propels the vehicle.

Aura

Aura Nissan Japan Power

Volkswagen Group to begin equipping TSI and TFSI engines with gasoline particulate filters from June 2017

Green Car Congress

JUNE 23, 2016

The Volkswagen Group will begin equipping the Group’s new TSI and TFSI gasoline direct injection engines with gasoline particulate filters (GPF). This will reduce particulate emissions from the direct injection gasoline engines by up to 90%. 2016) “Vehicular Emissions in Review,” SAE Int. Johnson, T., Johnson, T.,

Gasoline

Gasoline 2017 Engine Mercedes

PSA Peugeot Citroën and General Motors to co-develop three common vehicle platform projects; launch of vehicles expected in 2016

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 20, 2012

PSA Peugeot Citroën (PSA) and General Motors have signed definitive agreements related to three of initial vehicle projects as well as to the purchasing joint venture as part of the execution of their Global Strategic Alliance. The first vehicles resulting from this cooperation are expected to be launched in 2016.

General Motors

General Motors 2016 Vehicles Motor

True Zero H2 network fuels more than 3.7M miles in California in 2016

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 17, 2017

Fuel from True Zero ’s hydrogen-fueling stations during 2016 powered more than 3.7 To help car owners and others understand the benefits of driving on hydrogen, True Zero will post labels at its hydrogen charging stations showing the societal-impacts of driving a hydrogen-powered fuel-cell vehicle.

2016

2016 California Miles Fuel

First CNG and propane-capable 2016 Ford F-150 rolls off the line in Kansas City

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 10, 2015

The first 2016 Ford F-150 with the ability to run on compressed natural gas has rolled off the assembly line in Kansas City. The 2016 Ford F-150 with 5.0-liter The 2016 Ford F-150 with 5.0-liter liter V8 F-150 is capable of achieving more than 750 miles (1,207 km) on combined tanks of gasoline and CNG, depending on tank size.

F-150

F-150 Kansas City Kansas 2016

JATO: European new car CO2 emissions highest average since 2014; shift from diesel to gasoline and SUVs rise

Green Car Congress

MARCH 5, 2019

An analysis by JATO Dynamics has found that average new vehicle CO 2 emissions in European increased in 2018, with the total average increasing by 2.4 The introduction of WLTP in September 2018 has been a challenge for the market, as a large number of available vehicles had not been homologated yet. g/km to 120.5 g/km in 2015 to -1.4

Diesel

Diesel CO2 Gasoline Emissions

New Delphi Technologies 500+ bar GDi system cuts gasoline particulate emissions by up to 50%, reduces fuel consumption

Green Car Congress

MAY 16, 2019

At the end of 2016, Delphi Technologies entered production with its industry first 350 bar GDi system, which reduces exhaust particulates by up to 70% compared with industry-standard 200 bar systems. —Walter Piock, chief engineer, Gasoline Systems, Delphi Technologies. Delphi 500+ bar GDi injector.

Emissions

Emissions Gasoline Fuel Exhaust

EIA STEO projects higher US crude production, increases in travel and gasoline demand

Green Car Congress

APRIL 11, 2017

million barrels per day (b/d) in 2016, will average 9.2 For summer 2017, EIA forecasts motor gasoline consumption to average 9.5 increase in fleet-wide vehicle fuel efficiency. EIA expects that domestic refinery production, including gasoline blendstock output, will be about 20,000 b/d lower this summer than last summer.

Gasoline

Gasoline Production Gasoline-Electric Oil

Westport offering dedicated LPG package for 2016 Ford 5.0L F-150

Green Car Congress

JULY 7, 2015

will offer dedicated liquid propane systems for 2016 Ford 5.0L This new liquid propane system will be offered in addition to Westport’s compressed natural gas (CNG) package for 2016 Ford F-150 trucks. Designed to transport passengers and cargo, the 2016 Ford F-150 offers a 5.0 Westport Innovations Inc. F-150 trucks.

F-150

F-150 2016 Ford Maintenance

Zhejiang University team investigates emissions from methanol-gasoline blends

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 23, 2016

In China in particular, there are abundant coal resources, and the technology of using coal to obtain methanol has been perfected with low cost; methanol fuel from coal has become one of the most popular alternative fuels for vehicles. A paper on their work is published in the ACS journal Energy & Fuels. —Yao et al.

Gasoline

Gasoline Emissions Universal Alternative Fuels

T&E concludes that diesel cars emit more CO2 on a full lifecycle basis than gasoline cars

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 18, 2017

accounting for the emissions generated during production of the vehicle and the fuel. To derive the emissions figure, T&E said that it made a number of assumptions for their calculations: The average gasoline lifetime driving distance of 175,000 km (108,740 miles) is taken as the starting point. l/100 km (37.3 mpg US) and 7.1

Gasoline

Gasoline Diesel CO2 Cars

Gasoline consumption per capita in 2020 was on par with that in 1965

DOE: plug-in vehicles in US displaced 323M gallons of gasoline in 2018; ~0.25%

Report suggests low-speed electric vehicles could affect Chinese demand for gasoline and disrupt oil prices worldwide

EIA: US gasoline consumption hit all-time high in 2016

FCA recalls 850,000+ gasoline vehicles due to problem with catalytic converters

EPA: US GHG emissions in 2017 down 0.3% from 2016

DOE: MY2016 PHEV median full range longer than gasoline vehicle median range

Geely supporting Danish initiative on e-methanol with vehicle trials in Aalborg

Argonne releases new cradle-to-grave lifecycle analysis of US LDV vehicle-fuel pathways

Chrysler to introduce PHEV models in 2016 and 2017 to meet ZEV requirements; new FCA gasoline engine family coming in 2015

Corning hits 1-million-unit milestone with gasoline particulate filter production

Sales of chargeable vehicles more than triple in EU in Q3 to take 9.9% new market share

Nissan introducing Serena with 2nd-generation e-POWER system in Japan

EIA expects US household spending for gasoline to remain below $2,000 in 2017; record-high gasoline consumption of 9.3M barrels/day

FCA approving use of E15 in MY 2016 vehicles

JATO: new car CO2 emissions rise for the first time in a decade in Europe; diesel down, gasoline up, SUVs up

EEA: Fuel efficiency improvements of new cars in Europe slowed in 2016

California 2017 GHG inventory shows 1.2% total drop from 2016; transportation sector emissions up 1%

Indianapolis plans to add 425 PHEVs and BEVs to municipal fleet by 2016

UMTRI study finds US diesel vehicles generally have lower total cost of ownership than gasoline vehicles

UMTRI study finds diesel vehicles save owners thousands in total ownership costs compared to gasoline vehicles

Sales of Nissan e-POWER electrified vehicles in Japan surpasses 500,000-unit cumulative milestone

EIA expects gasoline consumption in US to remain below 2007 peak despite increase in travel

Study finds ethanol blending appears to reduce significantly genotoxic emissions from gasoline direct injection vehicles

Cooperation between Daimler and Renault-Nissan Alliance deepening in 2016

NC State study finds non-FFV vehicles can adapt to mid-level ethanol blend

Study finds catalyzed gasoline particulate filters effective at reducing particulate and PAH emissions from GDI engines

EPA proposes Tier 3 standards for gasoline sulfur content and vehicle emissions; harmonized with California LEV III

Navigant Research: sales of plug-in electric buses increased 40% from 2016 to 2017

Toyota starts production of 5th-generation hybrid powertrain in Europe for new Corolla

EPA trends report sees record levels of average new vehicle fuel economy and CO2 emissions for MY 2012; role of new gasoline vehicle technologies

Audi begins initial engine testing of Global Bioenergies, Fraunhofer e-gasoline

2016 Ford F-150 offers ability to run on compressed natural gas, propane

Nissan launches new Note Aura in Japan; enhanced e-POWER electrified powertrain

Volkswagen Group to begin equipping TSI and TFSI engines with gasoline particulate filters from June 2017

PSA Peugeot Citroën and General Motors to co-develop three common vehicle platform projects; launch of vehicles expected in 2016

True Zero H2 network fuels more than 3.7M miles in California in 2016

First CNG and propane-capable 2016 Ford F-150 rolls off the line in Kansas City

JATO: European new car CO2 emissions highest average since 2014; shift from diesel to gasoline and SUVs rise

New Delphi Technologies 500+ bar GDi system cuts gasoline particulate emissions by up to 50%, reduces fuel consumption

EIA STEO projects higher US crude production, increases in travel and gasoline demand

Westport offering dedicated LPG package for 2016 Ford 5.0L F-150

Zhejiang University team investigates emissions from methanol-gasoline blends

T&E concludes that diesel cars emit more CO2 on a full lifecycle basis than gasoline cars

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