Carbon, Charging, Recharge and Universal

Researchers use carbon-based anodes with “bumpy” surfaces for Li-ion batteries that last longer in extreme cold

Green Car Congress

JUNE 10, 2022

The resulting 12-sided carbon nanospheres had “bumpy” surfaces that demonstrated excellent electrical charge transfer capabilities. The resulting 12-sided carbon nanospheres had “bumpy” surfaces that demonstrated excellent electrical charge transfer capabilities. capacity retention at 0.1

Li-ion

Li-ion Carbon Lithium Ion Batteries

Researchers use graphite positive electrodes in high-capacity rechargeable lithium/chlorine batteries

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 12, 2022

The high surface area and large pore volume of aCNS in the positive electrode facilitated NaCl or LiCl deposition and trapping of Cl 2 for reversible NaCl/Cl 2 or LiCl/Cl 2 redox reactions and battery discharge/charge cycling. In an earlier study, the researchers reported ∼3.5 2c07826.

Recharge

Recharge Battery Batteries Taiwan

Carbon nanomembrane prevents dendrite formation in Li-metal batteries, doubles lifetime

Green Car Congress

JUNE 22, 2021

Scientists at Friedrich Schiller University in Jena, together with colleagues from Boston University (BU) and Wayne State University (WSU), have now succeeded in preventing dendrite formation and thus at least doubling the lifetime of a lithium metal battery. Here, the use of an ultrathin (?1.2 —Rajendran et al.

Carbon

Carbon Li-ion Lithium Ion Battery

Study finds all-electric rideshare fleet could reduce carbon emissions, but increase traffic issues

Green Car Congress

JUNE 23, 2023

Major ridesourcing companies Uber and Lyft have promised all-electric fleets by 2030 in an effort to reduce their carbon footprint. Overall, electrification reduces net external costs to society by 3–11% (5–24¢ per trip), depending on the assumed social cost of carbon. —Mohan et al. Mohan et al.

Fleet

Fleet All-Electric Carbon Emissions

Rechargeable ultrahigh-capacity tellurium-aluminum batteries

Green Car Congress

APRIL 30, 2019

Researchers at the University of Science and Technology Beijing, with colleagues at Beijing Institute of Technology, have demonstrated the potential of rechargeable tellurium (Te) nanowire positive electrodes to construct ultrahigh-capacity rechargeable tellurium-aluminum batteries (TABs). A g -1 ) along with an initial 1.4

Recharge

Recharge Battery Batteries Li-ion

Fudan University team develops superfast charging Li-ion battery cathode

Green Car Congress

APRIL 7, 2013

Researchers at Fudan University with colleagues at the Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight have developed a LiMn 2 O4 material for a Li-ion battery cathode that exhibits superfast charging capabilities. Its charge capacity can be 59.3 Their paper is published in the ACS journal Nano Letters. M Li 2 SO 4 aqueous solution.

Li-ion

Li-ion Universal Charging Battery

UCSD team suggests building more fast-charging stations based on study of pandemic impact on EV charging

Green Car Congress

MAY 7, 2021

A team of engineers at the University of California San Diego (UCSD) recommends expanding fast-charging stations for electric vehicles as campuses and businesses start planning for a post-pandemic world. As expected, charging declined significantly once most campus operations became remote. —Jan Kleissl, senior author.

San Diego

San Diego Charging Building DC

Cornell team develops aluminum-anode batteries with up to 10,000 cycles

Green Car Congress

APRIL 6, 2021

Friend Family Distinguished Professor of Engineering, have been exploring the use of low-cost materials to create rechargeable batteries that will make energy storage more affordable. Now, they have employed a different approach for incorporating aluminum, resulting in rechargeable batteries that offer up to 10,000 error-free cycles.

Battery

Battery Batteries Carbon Fiber Lithium Ion

RMIT researchers demonstrate working rechargeable proton battery

Green Car Congress

MARCH 8, 2018

Researchers at Australia’s RMIT University have demonstrated for the first time a working rechargeable “proton battery”. The rechargeable battery is environmentally friendly, and has the potential, with further development, to store more energy than currently-available lithium ion batteries. Earlier post.) Earlier post.)

Recharge

Recharge Battery Batteries Lithium Ion

RPI researchers develop safe, long-cycling Li-metal rechargeable battery electrode; demonstrate Li-carbon battery

Green Car Congress

APRIL 27, 2014

Researchers at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute have developed a safe, extended cycling lithium-metal electrode for rechargeable Li-ion batteries by entrapping lithium metal within a porous graphene network (Li-PGN). Extended testing for over 1,000 charge/discharge cycles indicates excellent reversibility and coulombic efficiencies above 99%.

Recharge

Recharge Li-ion Carbon Batteries

Who Really Invented the Rechargeable Lithium-Ion Battery?

Cars That Think

JULY 30, 2023

Fifty years after the birth of the rechargeable lithium-ion battery, it’s easy to see its value. Did Exxon invent the rechargeable lithium battery? The battery’s performance was also unprecedented: It was both rechargeable and very high in energy output. It’s used in billions of laptops, cellphones, power tools, and cars.

Lithium Ion

Lithium Ion Recharge Battery Batteries

Proterra introduces new high power interoperable EV charging technology; J1772- and J3105-compliant, OCPP

Green Car Congress

MAY 8, 2018

At the American Public Transportation Association’s (APTA) Bus & Paratransit Conference, electric bus manufacturer Proterra has introduced high-power charging options to make a 100% electric bus fleet more easily achievable. The chargers will also utilize de facto industry-standard for communication, Open Charge Point Protocol (OCPP 1.6).

Charging

Charging Power Powered Fleet

ARPA-E awards $42M to 12 projects for advanced EV batteries; EVs4ALL program

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 11, 2023

Projects selected for the Electric Vehicles for American Low-Carbon Living (EVs4ALL) program ( earlier post ) aim to expand domestic EV adoption by developing batteries that last longer, charge faster, perform efficiently in freezing temperatures and have better overall range retention. Award amount: $3,198,085).

Li-ion

Li-ion Battery Batteries Sodium

Univ. of Missouri team progressing with convection battery; enabling rechargeable lithium-metal batteries

Green Car Congress

MAY 14, 2013

Researchers at the University of Missouri led by Prof. The technology allows lithium-metal batteries to be recharged without the dendrite failure (short circuit) that has prevented rechargeable lithium-metal batteries from being commercially viable. Lower mass often translates to lower costs. Source: Dr. Galen Suppes.

Missouri

Missouri Recharge Battery Batteries

Royal Academy of Engineering Report Says EV Success Depends on Low-Carbon Electricity, Universal Broadband Provision and Smart Grids

Green Car Congress

MAY 26, 2010

The introduction of electric vehicles on a large scale in the UK can only have a beneficial effect on CO 2 emissions if low-carbon electricity, universal broadband provision and smart grids are in place to support the transition, according to a new report published by the UK Royal Academy of Engineering.

Universal

Universal Grid Carbon Engine

Study finds behavior-influencing policies remain critical for mass market success of low-carbon vehicles

Green Car Congress

JULY 23, 2018

Policies to entice consumers away from fossil-fuel powered vehicles and normalize low carbon, alternative-fuel alternatives, such as electric vehicles, are vital if the world is to significantly reduce transport sector carbon pure-emissions, according to a new study. Note the different scaling used in the graphs. McCollum et al.

Carbon

Carbon Market Alternative Fuels Vehicles

UT Austin team devises new strategy for safe, low-cost, all-solid-state rechargeable Na or Li batteries suited for EVs

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 13, 2016

Researchers at the University of Texas at Austin, including Prof. With this glass, a rechargeable battery with a metallic lithium or sodium anode and an insertion-compound as cathode may require a polymer or liquid catholyte in contact with the cathode. The electrolyte membrane was 0.06 The sealed cell was then aged. Click to enlarge.

Low Cost

Low Cost Recharge Austin Li-ion

U. Alberta team developing new high power and energy lithium-carbon battery system using induced fluorination; dual storage mechanism

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 18, 2014

The highest energy density for Li-CNT-F batteries, 4,113 Wh kg carbon ?1 Researchers at the University of Alberta are developing , and, via their spin-out AdvEn Solutions working to commercialize, a new high power- and -energy density battery system: lithium-carbon-fluorine (Li-C-F). 1 is presented as a red star.

Li-ion

Li-ion Carbon Lithium Ion Energy

Toshiba to start field testing medium-sized EV bus with wireless recharging, SCiB Li-ion battery

Green Car Congress

MAY 31, 2016

kWh SCiB ( earlier post ) pack, Toshiba’s advanced lithium-ion rechargeable battery, and will make regular trips between All Nippon Airways Co. The system is easy to operate; charging starts once the driver pushes a button on the bus dashboard. Charging pads. Charge time is approximately 15 minutes. The 11-kilometer (6.8-mile)

Li-ion

Li-ion Recharge Batteries Battery

China team uses ultra-thin indium sheet to stabilize Li-metal anode

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 14, 2019

Researchers from Tsinghua University and China University of Geosciences have used an ultrathin indium sheet to construct a stabilized lithium-rich hybrid anode with fast interfacial ion transport. In the study, the team used 1M LiPF 6 in ethylene carbonate-dimethyl carbonate (EC/DMC) solvent for the liquid electrolyte.

Li-ion

Li-ion China Recharge Hybrid

Purdue team uses pollen grains as basis for carbon architectures for Li-ion anodes

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 8, 2016

A team at Purdue University has used pollens as the basis for carbon architectures for anodes in energy storage devices. One candidate is hard carbon which typically allows faster lithiation due to larger interlayer spacing, and higher cycling capacity than graphite due to the additional nanopore filling Li storage mechanism.

Li-ion

Li-ion Carbon Energy Storage Lithium Ion

U Delaware team develops prototype efficient direct ammonia fuel cell for transportation

Green Car Congress

JULY 31, 2019

A team at the University of Delaware has demonstrated a direct ammonia fuel cell (DAFC) prototype with a peak power density of 135 mW cm -2 at 80 ?C. Carbon-neutral fuels are needed for sustainable transportation to overcome the range and recharge limitations of batteries and the scale limitations of biofuels. —Zhao et al.

Delaware

Delaware Transportation Fuel Hydrogen

Li-S Energy, Janus Electric to collaborate on Li-S and/or Li-metal cells for swappable prime mover packs

Green Car Congress

NOVEMBER 27, 2021

In addition, Janus Electric has developed a proprietary exchangeable battery system that negates the need for lengthy recharge times by allowing batteries to be swapped out of vehicles at designated change and charge stations in a matter of minutes. MWh) by the end of 2023, with additional demand growth expected in future years.

Lithium Sulfur

Lithium Sulfur Li-ion Lithium Ion Energy

MTU researchers developing lighter, less expensive asymmetric ultracapacitors using carbon-foam support

Green Car Congress

NOVEMBER 18, 2011

Researchers at Michigan Technological University are developing an asymmetric ultracapacitor using a novel cathode based on carbon foam-supported nickel oxyhydroxide. The carbon foam we are using has 72 percent porosity. The carbon foam could also be made of renewable biomass, and that’s attractive.

Carbon

Carbon Michigan Universal Recharge

Year-long field testing finds electric buses with Toshiba wireless charger cut CO2 up to 60% compared to diesel

Green Car Congress

MARCH 17, 2017

Toshiba Corporation announced the results of year-long field tests of electric buses charged with its wireless rapid rechargeable battery system. The project was supported by Japan’s Ministry of the Environment’s Low Carbon Technology Research and Development Program. Charge time. Earlier post.) Frequency.

Diesel

Diesel CO2 Recharge Corporation

Graphene sheet-sulfur/carbon composite cathode for higher performance Li-sulfur batteries

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 16, 2014

Vasant Kumar at the University of Cambridge and Professor Renjie Chen at the Beijing Institute of Technology has devised a three-dimensional hierarchical sandwich-type graphene sheet-sulfur/carbon (GS-S/C ZIF8-D ) composite to address performance-related issues in Lithium-sulfur batteries such as low efficiency and capacity degradation.

Carbon

Carbon Li-ion Lithium Sulfur Battery

Researchers Develop Solid-State, Rechargeable Lithium-Air Battery; Potential to Exceed 1,000 Wh/kg

Green Car Congress

NOVEMBER 21, 2009

Sample UDRI solid-state, rechargeable lithium-air batteries, and Dr. Binod Kumar. Engineers at the University of Dayton Research Institute (UDRI) have developed a solid-state, rechargeable lithium-air battery. The cell exhibited excellent thermal stability and rechargeability in the 30–105 °C temperature range.

Lithium Air

Lithium Air Recharge Li-ion Battery

Leading UK scientists set out resource challenge of meeting EV targets by 2050

Green Car Congress

JUNE 24, 2019

A 20% increase in UK-generated electricity would be required to charge the current 252.5 The urgent need to cut CO 2 emissions to secure the future of our planet is clear, but there are huge implications for our natural resources not only to produce green technologies like electric cars but keep them charged.

Climate Change

Climate Change Universal Supplies All-Electric

Improving the Charge-Discharge Capacity and Cycleability of Carbon Electrodes for Li-ion Batteries

Green Car Congress

JUNE 6, 2010

Charge and discharge curves of seven different materials studied. GMP40 (60:40 weight ratio of mixed mesophase pitch carbon and phenolic resin) produced the best results. However, carbon remains the predominant commercial anode material solution at this point. Credit: ACS, Lin et al. Click to enlarge. SEM images of GMP40.

Li-ion

Li-ion Carbon Lithium Ion Batteries

St. Andrews team elucidates behavior of carbon cathodes in Li-air batteries; the importance of the synergy between electrode and electrolyte

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 28, 2012

Carbon is seen as an attractive potential cathode material for aprotic (non-aqueous) Lithium-air batteries, which are themselves of great interest for applications such as in electric vehicles because of the cells’ high theoretical specific energy. A team at the University of St. For their study, they cycled carbon cathodes in Li?O

Carbon

Carbon Li-ion Batteries Battery

Univ. of Delaware and state partner on EV charging station project to support longer electric trips

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 19, 2014

Faster charging stations for electric vehicles will be strategically placed at key locations in Delaware to enable long trips in the state by next year, through a new collaborative research agreement between the University of Delaware (UD) and the Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control (DNREC). —Prof.

Delaware

Delaware Baltimore Philadelphia Charging

UK Researchers Developing Rechargeable Lithium-Air Battery; Up to 10X the Capacity of Current Li-ion Cells

Green Car Congress

MAY 18, 2009

Oxygen drawn from the air reacts within the porous carbon to release the electrical charge in this lithium-air battery. Researchers in the UK are developing a rechargeable lithium-air battery that could deliver a ten-fold increase in energy capacity compared to that of currently available lithium-ion cells. Click to enlarge.

Lithium Air

Lithium Air Li-ion Recharge Battery

ARPA-E Selects 37 Projects for $106M in Funding in Second Round; Electrofuels, Better Batteries and Carbon Capture

Green Car Congress

APRIL 30, 2010

ARPA-E’s first solicitation awarded $151 million to 37 projects aimed at transformational innovations in energy storage, biofuels, carbon capture, renewable power, building efficiency, vehicles, and other areas. Novel Biological Conversion of Hydrogen and Carbon Dioxide Directly into Biodiesel. Earlier post.) Engineering E. per gallon.

Carbon

Carbon Li-ion Battery Batteries

Organic cathode material for high-capacity Li-ion battery with fast charge and discharge

Green Car Congress

NOVEMBER 26, 2012

Extended charge?discharge Although extensive studies have been made, there is still a great demand for organic materials that allow for fast charging and discharging with high cyclability for the storage of electrical energy in practical use. Even after 500 charge?discharge Credit: ACS, Nokami et al. Click to enlarge.

Li-ion

Li-ion Charging Battery Batteries

Researchers present lower temperature version of ultra-high capacity molten air battery

Green Car Congress

MAY 27, 2014

Last year, researchers at George Washington University led by Dr. Stuart Licht introduced the principles of a new class rechargeable molten air batteries that offer amongst the highest intrinsic electric energy storage capabilities. The iron molten air battery; illustration of the charge/discharge in molten carbonate.

Battery

Battery Batteries Recharge Carbon

Initial Results of UK EV Driver Study Show Increased Confidence and Low Cost Recharging

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 5, 2010

The average cost to trial participants for recharging at home is between 25p and £1 (US$0.40 The data analyzed by Aston University combines and compares the behavior patterns of 25 Mitsubishi i-MiEV drivers over two consecutive quarters. These record the usage, location and charging habits of each vehicle. and $1.60) per day.

Low Cost

Low Cost Recharge i-MiEV Mitsubishi

NREL-led team overcomes major technical obstacle in Mg-metal batteries by developing artificial solid-electrolyte interphase

Green Car Congress

APRIL 3, 2018

Magnesium offers a number of advantages over lithium for rechargeable batteries: it is safer and earth-abundant, and doubles the total charge per ion, delivering larger theoretical volumetric capacity compared with a typical lithium-ion battery. Further, in Mg batteries (MB) the anode is energy-dense Mg metal (~?3,830 Earlier post.).

Battery

Battery Batteries Lithium Ion Recharge

Univ. of St. Andrews researchers show reversible, higher-rate non-aqueous Li-air battery using gold cathode and DMSO electrolyte

Green Car Congress

JULY 23, 2012

Very high energy density rechargeable lithium air (or Li-O 2 ) batteries are of great interest for future electrified transportation because at best their practical energy density could approach that of current gasoline engined vehicles (after factoring in tank-to-wheel efficiencies). Earlier post.). Earlier post.).

Battery

Battery Batteries Recharge Lithium Air

Stanford’s GCEP awards $10.5M for research on renewable energy; solar cells, batteries, renewable fuels and bioenergy

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 9, 2014

The Global Climate and Energy Project (GCEP) at Stanford University has awarded $10.5 Researchers will design self-healing polymers that can stretch to accommodate large volume changes in the battery during charge and discharge. Photo-electrochemically rechargeable zinc-air batteries.

Renewable

Renewable Solar Zinc Air Fuel

Goodenough and UT team report new strategy for all-solid-state Na or Li battery suitable for EVs; plating cathodes

Green Car Congress

MARCH 1, 2017

lithium, sodium or potassium) on a copper–carbon cathode current collector at a voltage of more than 3.0 Traditional rechargeable batteries use a liquid electrolyte and an oxide as a cathode host into which the working cation of the electrolyte is inserted reversibly over a finite solid-solution range. —Braga et al.

Li-ion

Li-ion Sodium Austin Battery

OSU hybrid “solar battery” uses photo-assisted charging to improve performance of Li-air batteries; “negative overpotential”

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 3, 2014

Researchers at The Ohio State University have developed a novel strategy to improve the efficiency and performance of non-aqueous lithium-oxygen (Li-air) batteries. Recently, redox shuttles, such as tetrathiafulvalene (TTF + /TTF), have been introduced in the battery electrolyte to address this poor charge transport issue.

Solar

Solar Li-ion Battery Batteries

Stanford team demonstrates hollow carbon nanofiber-encapsulated sulfur cathode for high-capacity Li-S batteries

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 21, 2011

Schematic of design and fabrication process of hollow carbon nanofibers/sulfur composite structure. To tackle the polysulfide problem, researchers at Stanford University led by Dr. Yi Cui have developed a hollow carbon nanofiber-encapsulated sulfur cathode for effective trapping of polysulfides. Credit: ACS, Zheng et al.

Li-ion

Li-ion Carbon Batteries Battery

OSU team demonstrates concept of potassium-air battery as alternative to lithium-air systems

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 18, 2013

charge cycle, K?O Researchers at Ohio State University (OSU) have demonstrated the concept of a potassium-air (K?O In a paper published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society , they reported a charge/discharge potential gap smaller than 50 mV at a current density of 0.16 V), which contributes to the low rechargeability.

Lithium Air

Lithium Air Battery Batteries Concept

UNIST team boosts performance of perovskite catalyst for metal-air batteries & fuel cells using polypyrrole

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 24, 2017

Korea’s UNIST, with colleagues from Northwestern University, have successfully developed a new way to increase the activity of perovskite oxide catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and/or the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in rechargeable metal-air batteries and fuel cells simply by adding the conductive polymer polypyrrole.

Fuel

Fuel Battery Batteries Recharge

Researchers use carbon-based anodes with “bumpy” surfaces for Li-ion batteries that last longer in extreme cold

Researchers use graphite positive electrodes in high-capacity rechargeable lithium/chlorine batteries

Carbon nanomembrane prevents dendrite formation in Li-metal batteries, doubles lifetime

Study finds all-electric rideshare fleet could reduce carbon emissions, but increase traffic issues

Rechargeable ultrahigh-capacity tellurium-aluminum batteries

Fudan University team develops superfast charging Li-ion battery cathode

UCSD team suggests building more fast-charging stations based on study of pandemic impact on EV charging

Cornell team develops aluminum-anode batteries with up to 10,000 cycles

RMIT researchers demonstrate working rechargeable proton battery

RPI researchers develop safe, long-cycling Li-metal rechargeable battery electrode; demonstrate Li-carbon battery

Who Really Invented the Rechargeable Lithium-Ion Battery?

Proterra introduces new high power interoperable EV charging technology; J1772- and J3105-compliant, OCPP

ARPA-E awards $42M to 12 projects for advanced EV batteries; EVs4ALL program

Univ. of Missouri team progressing with convection battery; enabling rechargeable lithium-metal batteries

Royal Academy of Engineering Report Says EV Success Depends on Low-Carbon Electricity, Universal Broadband Provision and Smart Grids

Study finds behavior-influencing policies remain critical for mass market success of low-carbon vehicles

UT Austin team devises new strategy for safe, low-cost, all-solid-state rechargeable Na or Li batteries suited for EVs

U. Alberta team developing new high power and energy lithium-carbon battery system using induced fluorination; dual storage mechanism

Toshiba to start field testing medium-sized EV bus with wireless recharging, SCiB Li-ion battery

China team uses ultra-thin indium sheet to stabilize Li-metal anode

Purdue team uses pollen grains as basis for carbon architectures for Li-ion anodes

U Delaware team develops prototype efficient direct ammonia fuel cell for transportation

Li-S Energy, Janus Electric to collaborate on Li-S and/or Li-metal cells for swappable prime mover packs

MTU researchers developing lighter, less expensive asymmetric ultracapacitors using carbon-foam support

Year-long field testing finds electric buses with Toshiba wireless charger cut CO2 up to 60% compared to diesel

Graphene sheet-sulfur/carbon composite cathode for higher performance Li-sulfur batteries

Researchers Develop Solid-State, Rechargeable Lithium-Air Battery; Potential to Exceed 1,000 Wh/kg

Leading UK scientists set out resource challenge of meeting EV targets by 2050

Improving the Charge-Discharge Capacity and Cycleability of Carbon Electrodes for Li-ion Batteries

St. Andrews team elucidates behavior of carbon cathodes in Li-air batteries; the importance of the synergy between electrode and electrolyte

Univ. of Delaware and state partner on EV charging station project to support longer electric trips

UK Researchers Developing Rechargeable Lithium-Air Battery; Up to 10X the Capacity of Current Li-ion Cells

ARPA-E Selects 37 Projects for $106M in Funding in Second Round; Electrofuels, Better Batteries and Carbon Capture

Organic cathode material for high-capacity Li-ion battery with fast charge and discharge

Researchers present lower temperature version of ultra-high capacity molten air battery

Initial Results of UK EV Driver Study Show Increased Confidence and Low Cost Recharging

NREL-led team overcomes major technical obstacle in Mg-metal batteries by developing artificial solid-electrolyte interphase

Univ. of St. Andrews researchers show reversible, higher-rate non-aqueous Li-air battery using gold cathode and DMSO electrolyte

Stanford’s GCEP awards $10.5M for research on renewable energy; solar cells, batteries, renewable fuels and bioenergy

Goodenough and UT team report new strategy for all-solid-state Na or Li battery suitable for EVs; plating cathodes

OSU hybrid “solar battery” uses photo-assisted charging to improve performance of Li-air batteries; “negative overpotential”

Stanford team demonstrates hollow carbon nanofiber-encapsulated sulfur cathode for high-capacity Li-S batteries

OSU team demonstrates concept of potassium-air battery as alternative to lithium-air systems

UNIST team boosts performance of perovskite catalyst for metal-air batteries & fuel cells using polypyrrole

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