CO2, Convert, Energy and Gas-Electric

Berkeley Lab team validates bio-analogous technique for converting CO2 into liquid acetate

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 6, 2022

Scientists at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) have demonstrated a new technique, modeled after a metabolic process found in some bacteria, for converting CO 2 into liquid acetate, a key ingredient in “liquid sunlight” or solar fuels produced through artificial photosynthesis.

Convert

Convert CO2 Carbon Water

Evonik and Siemens Energy commission pilot plant for conversion of CO2 to chemicals

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 27, 2020

Evonik and Siemens Energy commissioned a pilot plant—sponsored by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)—that uses carbon dioxide and water to produce chemicals. The necessary energy is supplied by electricity from renewable sources. The pilot plant is located in Marl, in the northern Ruhr area.

Conversion

Conversion Energy CO2 Water

New system for more efficient CO2 electrolysis to hydrocarbon products

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 15, 2020

A team of researchers from Canada and the US has developed a system that quickly and efficiently converts carbon dioxide into simple chemicals via CO 2 electrolysis. Here, we present a catalyst:ionomer bulk heterojunction (CIBH) architecture that decouples gas, ion, and electron transport. —García de Arquer et al. Resources.

CO2

CO2 Production Polymer Water

Sandia team puts power into local grid with supercritical CO2 closed-loop Brayton-cycle turbine

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 22, 2022

Sandia National Laboratories researchers recently delivered electricity produced by a new power-generating system to the Sandia-Kirtland Air Force Base electrical grid. The system uses heated supercritical carbon dioxide instead of steam to generate electricity and is based on a closed-loop Brayton cycle.

Grid

Grid Power Powered CO2

MIT researchers propose mechanism for overcoming bottleneck in electroreduction of CO2

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 14, 2022

Researchers at MIT have identified , quantified, and modeled a major reason for the poor performance of electroreduction processes to convert CO 2 to fuel or other useful chemicals. For the latter, two main contributions are distinguished: gas depletion due to CO 2 consumption and ion generation in areas close to the electrocatalyst surface.

MIT

MIT CO2 Carbon Conversion

MIT researchers develop oxygen permeable membrane that converts CO2 to CO

Green Car Congress

NOVEMBER 28, 2017

MIT researchers have developed a new system that could potentially be used for converting power plant emissions of carbon dioxide into carbon monoxide, and thence into useful fuels for cars, trucks, and planes, as well as into chemical feedstocks for a wide variety of products. That stream would produce a second output from the plant: syngas.

MIT

MIT Convert CO2 Carbon

AirCapture, OCOchem and partners win $2.93M DOE grant for direct air capture of CO2 and conversion to formic acid

Green Car Congress

APRIL 26, 2022

million grant from the US Department of Energy to design and engineer an integrated carbon dioxide capture and conversion plant co-located at Nutrien’s Kennewick Fertilizer Operations plant in Kennewick, Wash. We are converting common industrial waste streams into product streams —Todd Brix.

Conversion

Conversion Grant Waste CO2

ETH Zürich, Total team develops new catalyst to convert CO2 and H2 directly to methanol efficiently

Green Car Congress

JULY 30, 2019

Scientists at ETH Zürich and oil and gas company Total have developed a new catalyst that efficiently converts CO 2 and hydrogen directly into methanol. It is possible to convert it into fuels and a wide variety of chemical products, including those that today are mainly based on fossil resources.

Convert

Convert CO2 Hydrogen Gas-Electric

Mercedes-Benz Cars plants in Germany to be supplied with CO2-neutral energy from 2022

Green Car Congress

MAY 16, 2018

In Germany, all Mercedes-Benz plants will be supplied with CO 2 -neutral energy. The preparations for exclusively green electricity for a climate-friendly production in Europe are already well advanced. Thereby, we completely forego coal-based electricity and obtain our electrical energy from only renewable sources.

Germany

Germany Mercedes CO2 Supplies

Audi opens power-to-gas facility in Werlte/Emsland; e-gas from water, green electricity and CO2

Green Car Congress

JUNE 25, 2013

Audi’s e-gas plant. Audi has opened its e-gas plant in Werlte, making it the first automobile manufacturer to develop a chain of sustainable energy carriers. The Audi e-gas plant, which can convert 6MW of input power, utilizes renewable electricity for electrolysis to produce oxygen and hydrogen.

Gas-Electric

Gas-Electric Audi Gas Water

WUSTL researchers demonstrate solar-panel-powered microbial electrosynthesis to produce n-butanol from light, CO2 and power

Green Car Congress

NOVEMBER 8, 2021

A team of biologists and engineers modified Rhodopseudomonas palustris TIE-1 (TIE-1) so that it can produce a biofuel using only three renewable and naturally abundant source ingredients: carbon dioxide, solar panel-generated electricity and light. The results are reported in an open-access paper in the journal Communications Biology.

Solar

Solar Light St. Louis Power

Lufthansa, ETH Zürich, Climeworks & Synhelion to cooperate on Sustainable Aviation Fuels; CO2 capture & solar thermochemical conversion

Green Car Congress

MAY 30, 2020

The researchers and engineers at ETH Zurich have developed innovative processes that make it possible to extract CO 2 from the atmosphere and, together with water and with the help of concentrated sunlight, convert it into a synthesis gas that can be used to produce jet fuel.

Solar

Solar Conversion Fuel CO2

ETH Zürich team developing light-duty natural gas-diesel hybrid electric powertrain; 43 g/km CO2

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 12, 2013

Consumption measurements of the dual-fuel natural gas-diesel engine as a function of speed and load. Researchers at ETH Zürich have developed a light-duty hybrid electric vehicle featuring a dual-fuel natural gas-diesel engine. Source: Ott et al. Click to enlarge. The dual-fuel engine can also serve in a non-hybrid application.

Gas-Electric

Gas-Electric Diesel Gas Light

Hydrogenics to supply 1MW electrolyzer to project converting CO2 to methanol; Power-to-Gas

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 26, 2015

CO 2 will be captured from the flue gases in a special downstream flue gas scrubber (Post-Combustion Capture, PCC). The hydrogen and captured carbon dioxide will then be catalytically converted into methanol, with a daily yield of approximately one ton of methanol using approximately 1.4 tonnes of CO 2.

Hydrogen

Hydrogen Convert Gas Supplies

Empa and partners exploring DME as fuel with new heavy-duty test engine

Green Car Congress

NOVEMBER 30, 2020

Over the past few months, we have converted it to DME together with our partner FPT. In addition, the valves and valve seat inserts were converted to materials suitable for DME. An electrically driven compressor for precise exhaust gas recirculation is also used. This is done via exhaust gas recirculation (EGR).

Engine

Engine Fuel Exhaust Gas-Electric

New inexpensive catalyst for conversion of CO2 to CO could help with storage of renewable energy

Green Car Congress

JUNE 23, 2013

carbon monoxide evolving catalyst (Bi-CMEC) that can be used in conjunction with ionic liquids to convert CO 2 to carbon monoxide (CO) using electricity. gas shift to generate H 2 , and this CO/H 2 mixture (syngas) can be used to generate synthetic petroleum and liquid fuels using Fischer? —DiMeglio and Joel Rosenthal.

Conversion

Conversion Renewable CO2 Energy

Researchers convert atmospheric CO2 to carbon nanofibers and nanotubes for use as anodes in Li-ion and Na-ion batteries

Green Car Congress

MARCH 3, 2016

STEP is an efficient solar chemical process, based on a synergy of solar thermal and endothermic electrolyses, designed to convert greenhouse gas carbon dioxide into a useful carbon commodity. In short, STEP uses solar thermal energy to increase the system temperature to decrease electrolysis potentials. —Licht et al.

Li-ion

Li-ion Carbon Convert Sodium

Renewable-methanol fueled Geely cars in fleet testing in Iceland; 70% reduction in WTW CO2 compared to gasoline

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 12, 2017

The average in-use emissions were calculated as 46 g CO2 per kilometer, accounting for the consumption of both fuels. According to Sigurbjörnsson, the data collected supports the conclusion that methanol fueled cars will also be economically competitive with both fossil fueled cars, hybrids and electric cars.

Iceland

Iceland CO2 Gasoline Renewable

Evonik and Siemens launch phase 2 of Rheticus: butanol, hexanol from CO2 and water using renewable electricity and bacteria

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 20, 2019

The goal is to develop an efficient and powerful test plant that will use carbon dioxide and water as well as electricity from renewable sources and bacteria to produce specialty chemicals. Process design for technical synthesis of butanol and hexanol from CO 2 , H 2 0 and electricity. describing the approach.

Water

Water Renewable CO2 Convert

Researchers combining CO2 storage and geothermal energy production

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 8, 2011

A team led by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) scientists is developing a way to combine underground CO 2 storage and geothermal energy production. The group received $5 million from the US Department of Energy (DOE) earlier this summer to design and test the technology. Earlier post.). Click to enlarge.

Energy

Energy CO2 Production Water

Soletair demo plant produces renewable hydrocarbon fuel from CO2 captured from the air

Green Car Congress

JUNE 9, 2017

Phase 1: Renewable energy. Solar photovoltaic (PV) electricity is used as a renewable energy source in the Soletair system to produce electricity especially for the hydrogen production unit—the most energy intensive part in the system. The system produces high-purity hydrogen gas at elevated pressures.

Renewable

Renewable Fuel CO2 Hydrogen

CRI awarded €1.8M EU grant to scale CO2-to-methanol technology

Green Car Congress

APRIL 11, 2019

CO 2 capture and clean-up: Waste gases are captured from the points of emission at the stack and transferred to the gas conditioning system where impurities are removed to produce CO 2 suitable for downstream methanol synthesis. Compression: Reaction gas is prepared by mixing H 2 and CO 2.

Grant

Grant CO2 Iceland Waste

Berkeley Lab copper catalyst yields high-efficiency CO2-to-fuels conversion

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 19, 2017

Scientists at the Department of Energy’s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) have developed a new electrocatalyst that can directly convert carbon dioxide into multicarbon fuels and alcohols using record-low inputs of energy. At top left are transmission electron microscope images of the copper nanoparticles.

Conversion

Conversion CO2 Fuel Carbon

Audi in new e-fuels project: synthetic diesel from water, air-captured CO2 and green electricity; “Blue Crude”

Green Car Congress

NOVEMBER 14, 2014

Audi’s latest e-fuels project is participation in a a pilot plant project in Dresden that produces diesel fuel from water, CO 2 and green electricity. The sunfire plant, which operates according to the “power-to-liquid” (PtL) principle, requires carbon dioxide, water and electricity as raw materials. This fuel—Audi e?diesel—is

Audi

Audi Water Diesel Fuel

German power-to-gas facility opens green methanation plant; €28M STORE&GO project

Green Car Congress

MAY 13, 2018

A methanation plant expansion to the existing power-to-gas (PtG) facility in Falkenhagen, Germany has officially opened as part of the international €28-million (US$33.5-million) While the current facility feeds pure hydrogen (“WindGas”) directly into the gas grid, the new methanation plant provides for the generation of “green” methane.

Store

Store Gas Green Power

Study suggests that decarbonizing US transport sector by converting waste CO2 to fuels would require economical air-capture of CO2

Green Car Congress

NOVEMBER 7, 2010

Kreutz presented the paper at the 10 th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies ( GHGT-10 ) earlier this fall in The Netherlands. natural gas, nuclear energy, renewable energy, etc.).In Kreutz used what he called a bifurcated climate regime—i.e., their CO 2 (e.g. ~90%) Alternative CCR [CO 2.

Transportation

Transportation Convert Waste CO2

246th ACS National Meeting symposium on CO2 conversion to fuels

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 9, 2013

Converting CO 2 to usable fuels was the topic of a symposium— CO 2 Conversion: Thermo-, Photo- and Electro-Catalytic —on Sunday at the 246 th National Meeting & Exposition of the American Chemical Society in Indianapolis, Indiana. H 0 act ) for concerted PCET to convert HCOOH to PyH + •CH(OH) 2 0 is 10.5

Conversion

Conversion CO2 Fuel Carbon

Study suggests energy and GHG impacts of synthetic hydrocarbon fuels from CO2 are greater than impacts of existing hydrocarbon fuels

Green Car Congress

JUNE 6, 2014

Synthetic fuel production from fuel-combustion-based energy and CO 2 (top) and from atmospheric CO 2 using solar electricity (bottom). In their study, the researchers evaluated five hypothetical production routes using different sources of CO 2 and energy. Credit: ACS, van der Giesen et al. Click to enlarge.

Fuel

Fuel Energy Solar CO2

Stanford team proposes method for electricity production from oil shale with in situ carbon capture to provide transportation energy with reduced CO2 emissions

Green Car Congress

APRIL 20, 2011

Electricity generation in subsurface provides the heat requirement for retorting. These emissions estimates raise a question: is the energy content of shale effectively “off limits” in a GHG constrained world, or is there a way to extract the stored chemical energy from oil shale with greatly reduced CO2 emissions?

Oil

Oil Carbon Emissions CO2

Global CO2 emissions up 3% in 2011; per capita CO2 emissions in China reach EU levels

Green Car Congress

JULY 20, 2012

Weak economic conditions, a mild winter, and energy. The United States remain one of the largest emitters of CO2, with 17.3 tonnes per capita, despite a decline due to the recession in 2008-2009, high oil prices and an increased share of natural gas. Natural gas consumption increased globally by 2.2% tonnes per capita.

2011

2011 Emissions CO2 Global

Texas Clean Energy Project signs long-term CO2 offtake agreement with Whiting Petroleum for enhanced oil recovery; 90% CO2 capture from IGCC coal polygen plant

Green Car Congress

JULY 22, 2011

Summit Power Group, LLC and Blue Strategies, LLC have signed a 15-year CO 2 offtake agreement with Whiting Petroleum Corporation for some of the CO 2 that will be captured by Summit’s Texas Clean Energy Project ( TCEP ), a coal gasification with carbon capture polygen project being developed in Penwell, Texas, outside Odessa. Earlier post.).

Coal

Coal Texas Oil CO2

GTI quantifies opportunity to produce low-carbon renewable natural gas (RNG) from wood wastes

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 15, 2019

GTI has released a site-specific engineering design titled “ Low-Carbon Renewable Natural Gas (RNG) from Wood Wastes ”. GTI led a team of engineers and scientists to produce a blueprint for converting an existing biomass facility into an RNG production site, using the wood waste feedstock and some of the existing infrastructure.

Waste

Waste Carbon Gas Renewable

U of I study: synthetic fuels via CO2 conversion and FT not currently economically & environmentally competitive

Green Car Congress

JULY 3, 2016

A paper detailing the study is published in the ACS journal Energy & Fuels. The well-to-gate energy efficiency varies from 41 to 65%. With the cost of carbon emissions being appropriately included, this electricity to synthetic fuel pathway will be even more economically competitive. Stubbins, and Paul J. 6b00665.

Conversion

Conversion Fuel CO2 Carbon

Audi to introduce natural gas A3 Sportback g-tron at year’s end; CO2-neutral e-gas

Green Car Congress

MARCH 1, 2013

Audi will introduce the compact A3 Sportback g-tron—which can be powered by the CO 2 -neutral Audi e-gas, synthetic methane generated from eco-electricity in the Audi e-gas project ( earlier post )—at the end of the year. The e-gas fuel will be produced in the power-to-gas plant in Werlte, Germany.

Audi

Audi Gas CO2 Gas-Electric

Empa researchers investigating new process for production of synthetic methane

Green Car Congress

JUNE 14, 2021

Swiss research intsitute Empa’s future mobility demonstrator, “move”, is investigating three paths for CO 2 reduction in road traffic—electric mobility, hydrogen mobility and synthetic fuels—against the background of a rapidly changing energy system. Construction of the plant is planned for mid-2021. Schröter K.,

Production

Production Water Hydrogen Switzerland

How e-fuel may just lengthen the pace of ICE cars within the electrical life

Baua Electric

JULY 7, 2023

Refiners have a bundle of labor to do in perfecting high-volume forms to construct e-fuel in plenty lot and at a related price to gas. It additionally calls for electrical energy from renewable resources. Automakers say e-fuel is a right away, drop-in alternative for gas. And there are alternative problems, too.

Davis

Davis Fuel CO2 Automobile

Siemens Energy to Supply Advanced Coal Gasification Technology to Taylorville Energy Center; 50% CO2 Capture

Green Car Congress

NOVEMBER 10, 2009

Siemens Energy, Inc. has been chosen to provide the coal gasification technology for the Taylorville Energy Center (TEC), a 730-megawatt (gross) advanced coal generating plant being developed near Taylorville, Ill. The gas will be used for electricity generation or fed into the interstate natural gas pipeline system.

Coal

Coal Energy Illinois CO2

Liquid Light unveils cost-advantaged catalytic process to make chemicals from CO2

Green Car Congress

MARCH 6, 2014

Liquid Light’s core technology is centered on low-energy catalytic electrochemistry to convert CO 2 to chemicals, combined with hydrogenation and purification operations. Other processes require an estimated $617 to $1,113 of feedstocks derived from oil, natural gas or corn.

Light

Light CO2 Wind Renewable

New plasma synthesis process for one-step conversion of CO2 and methane into higher value fuel and chemicals

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 9, 2017

natural gas, shale gas, biogas and flared gas). It is almost impossible to directly convert two stable and inert molecules (CO 2 and CH 4 ) into liquid fuels or chemicals in a one-step catalytic process bypassing the production of syngas. …

Conversion

Conversion Fuel CO2 Gas

Stanford researchers develop copper-based catalyst that produces ethanol from CO at room temperature; potential for closed-loop CO2-to-fuel process

Green Car Congress

APRIL 11, 2014

The material’s selectivity for oxygenates, with ethanol as the major product, demonstrates the feasibility of a two-step conversion of CO 2 to liquid fuel that could be powered by renewable electricity, the team suggests in their paper published in the journal Nature. In this experiment, ethanol was the major product. —Matthew Kanan.

Fuel

Fuel CO2 Carbon Conversion

GWU team demonstrates one-pot process for optimized synthesis of controlled CNTs from CO2; coupling cement and C2CNT

Green Car Congress

MARCH 27, 2017

Stuart Licht ( earlier post ) have developed a new process that transforms CO 2 into a controlled selection of nanotubes (CNTs) via molten electrolysis; they call the process C2CNT (CO2 into carbon nanotubes). This synthesis consumes only CO 2 and electricity, and is constrained only by the cost of electricity. —Ren et al.

CO2

CO2 Carbon Gas-Electric 2017

List of The Best 10 Alternative Fuels for Cars that Could Replace Gasoline

Get Electric Vehicle

JUNE 5, 2023

The worlds’ energy requirements are mostly meet by these petroleum fuels. Apart from petroleum, there are a few fuels and alternative energy sources that can be used in vehicles. Why would invest a lot of effort to find the alternate energy sources and fuels for cars? You can guess it easily. The answer is petroleum fuels.

Alternative Fuels

Alternative Fuels Gasoline Fuel Gasoline-Electric

NUS researchers discover new mechanism for electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to ethanol

Green Car Congress

MAY 7, 2020

The electrochemical reduction of CO 2 to fuels and chemicals, when powered by renewable electricity, is a step forward in alleviating carbon emissions. c) Energy level diagram showing CO+CO (red) and CO+CH (orange) coupling steps on Cu (111). A paper on their work is published in the journal ACS Catalysis. Credit: ACS Catalysis.

Carbon

Carbon Convert CO2 Production

SRI developing process for co-gasification of methane and coal to produce liquid transportation fuels; negligible water consumption, no CO2

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 20, 2011

The SRI CTL plant design offers a lower CO 2 -emitting fuel then conventional diesel; a lifecycle analysis by SRI put conventional diesel at 389 gCO 2 /mile, conventional F-T coal-to-liquids diesel at 830 gCO 2 /mile; and the SRI synthetic fuel at 326 gCO 2 /mile (when using carbon-neutral electricity. Lifecycle GHG comparison. Source: SRI.

Coal

Coal Water Transportation Fuel

Berkeley Lab team validates bio-analogous technique for converting CO2 into liquid acetate

Evonik and Siemens Energy commission pilot plant for conversion of CO2 to chemicals

New system for more efficient CO2 electrolysis to hydrocarbon products

Sandia team puts power into local grid with supercritical CO2 closed-loop Brayton-cycle turbine

MIT researchers propose mechanism for overcoming bottleneck in electroreduction of CO2

MIT researchers develop oxygen permeable membrane that converts CO2 to CO

AirCapture, OCOchem and partners win $2.93M DOE grant for direct air capture of CO2 and conversion to formic acid

ETH Zürich, Total team develops new catalyst to convert CO2 and H2 directly to methanol efficiently

Mercedes-Benz Cars plants in Germany to be supplied with CO2-neutral energy from 2022

Audi opens power-to-gas facility in Werlte/Emsland; e-gas from water, green electricity and CO2

WUSTL researchers demonstrate solar-panel-powered microbial electrosynthesis to produce n-butanol from light, CO2 and power

Lufthansa, ETH Zürich, Climeworks & Synhelion to cooperate on Sustainable Aviation Fuels; CO2 capture & solar thermochemical conversion

ETH Zürich team developing light-duty natural gas-diesel hybrid electric powertrain; 43 g/km CO2

Hydrogenics to supply 1MW electrolyzer to project converting CO2 to methanol; Power-to-Gas

Empa and partners exploring DME as fuel with new heavy-duty test engine

New inexpensive catalyst for conversion of CO2 to CO could help with storage of renewable energy

Researchers convert atmospheric CO2 to carbon nanofibers and nanotubes for use as anodes in Li-ion and Na-ion batteries

Renewable-methanol fueled Geely cars in fleet testing in Iceland; 70% reduction in WTW CO2 compared to gasoline

Evonik and Siemens launch phase 2 of Rheticus: butanol, hexanol from CO2 and water using renewable electricity and bacteria

Researchers combining CO2 storage and geothermal energy production

Soletair demo plant produces renewable hydrocarbon fuel from CO2 captured from the air

CRI awarded €1.8M EU grant to scale CO2-to-methanol technology

Berkeley Lab copper catalyst yields high-efficiency CO2-to-fuels conversion

Audi in new e-fuels project: synthetic diesel from water, air-captured CO2 and green electricity; “Blue Crude”

German power-to-gas facility opens green methanation plant; €28M STORE&GO project

Study suggests that decarbonizing US transport sector by converting waste CO2 to fuels would require economical air-capture of CO2

246th ACS National Meeting symposium on CO2 conversion to fuels

Study suggests energy and GHG impacts of synthetic hydrocarbon fuels from CO2 are greater than impacts of existing hydrocarbon fuels

Stanford team proposes method for electricity production from oil shale with in situ carbon capture to provide transportation energy with reduced CO2 emissions

Global CO2 emissions up 3% in 2011; per capita CO2 emissions in China reach EU levels

Texas Clean Energy Project signs long-term CO2 offtake agreement with Whiting Petroleum for enhanced oil recovery; 90% CO2 capture from IGCC coal polygen plant

GTI quantifies opportunity to produce low-carbon renewable natural gas (RNG) from wood wastes

U of I study: synthetic fuels via CO2 conversion and FT not currently economically & environmentally competitive

Audi to introduce natural gas A3 Sportback g-tron at year’s end; CO2-neutral e-gas

Empa researchers investigating new process for production of synthetic methane

How e-fuel may just lengthen the pace of ICE cars within the electrical life

Siemens Energy to Supply Advanced Coal Gasification Technology to Taylorville Energy Center; 50% CO2 Capture

Liquid Light unveils cost-advantaged catalytic process to make chemicals from CO2

New plasma synthesis process for one-step conversion of CO2 and methane into higher value fuel and chemicals

Stanford researchers develop copper-based catalyst that produces ethanol from CO at room temperature; potential for closed-loop CO2-to-fuel process

GWU team demonstrates one-pot process for optimized synthesis of controlled CNTs from CO2; coupling cement and C2CNT

List of The Best 10 Alternative Fuels for Cars that Could Replace Gasoline

NUS researchers discover new mechanism for electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to ethanol

SRI developing process for co-gasification of methane and coal to produce liquid transportation fuels; negligible water consumption, no CO2

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