Engine, Hybrid and Range

Rolls-Royce announces new hydrogen engine program; updates on hybrid-electric research

Green Car Congress

JULY 18, 2022

Rolls-Royce is launching a new leading-edge hydrogen program and also given a further update on its research into hybrid-electric power as it continues to pioneer new forms of aviation sustainability. Two ground tests are planned: on a Rolls-Royce AE 2100 engine in the UK this year and a Rolls-Royce Pearl 15 jet engine at a future date.

Hydrogen

Hydrogen Engine Hybrid Mississippi

Alfa Romeo starts production of its first plug-in hybrid; Tonale offers 30 miles electric range

Green Car Congress

APRIL 3, 2023

Alfa Romeo’s first plug-in hybrid is built at the Giambattista Vico Stellantis plant in Pomigliano d’Arco, Naples, Italy, one of the company’s most advanced production sites. The plug-in hybrid powertrain features a 15.5-kWh liter turbocharged engine contributes to a best-in-class 285 horsepower. The additional 1.3-liter

Plug-in

Plug-in Plug Miles Hybrid

Mercedes launches new plug-in hybrid S 580 e; Gen4 hybrid system, 100 km electric range

Green Car Congress

JULY 22, 2021

Mercedes-Benz is launching the new S 580 e plug-in hybrid, with which the fourth generation of the hybrid drive system is celebrating its premiere in the S-Class. The plug-in hybrid is available to order, in both short and long wheelbase versions, with price starting at €123,736 (US$146,000). kWh/100 km.

Plug-in

Plug-in Mercedes Hybrid Plug

LiquidPiston introduces XTS-210 25hp heavy-fueled rotary engine; 1/5th size & weight of current diesel piston engines of same power

Green Car Congress

APRIL 4, 2023

LiquidPiston, an innovator of compact and efficient engine technology and hybrid power systems, intends to commercialize the XTS-210, a 25-horsepower, two-stroke, supercharged, liquid-cooled, 210cc rotary engine. XTS-210 engine core (left) compared to 25 hp Kohler KDW1003 (right). Earlier post.)

Engine

Engine Diesel Power Powered

Air Force contracts LiquidPiston to adapt its rotary X-Engine technology for hybrid-electric propulsion for UAS and orbs

Green Car Congress

MARCH 5, 2021

a developer of advanced rotary internal combustion engines, has adapted its X-Engine technology for the United States Air Force to use in unmanned aerial systems (UAS) as well as “orbs”—urban air mobility (UAM) vehicles designed to carry people and cargo. The X-Engine from LiquidPiston takes a hybrid approach to this problem.

Engine

Engine Hybrid Diesel Electrical

LiquidPiston receives SBIR grant to develop X-Engine as hybrid-electric platform for UAVs

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 18, 2020

a developer of advanced rotary internal combustion engines for diesel and jet fuels ( earlier post ), received a Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Phase I grant from the US Army for the development of its X-Engine as a hybrid-electric propulsion platform for UAVs. LiquidPiston, Inc., X Mini vs iPhone 6.

Grant

Grant Engine Hybrid Electrical

Geely launches Methanol Hybrid Emgrand in China market

Green Car Congress

MAY 9, 2022

Geely recently launched its Methanol Hybrid Emgrand ( earlier post ) in the Chinese market. The methanol hybrid is based on Geely’s fourth-generation B-segment Modular Architecture (BMA) Emgrand sedan. Geely also offers a non-hybrid methanol-fueled version of the Emgrand. The hybrid houses a 1.8L The hybrid houses a 1.8L

Hybrid

Hybrid China Market Chinese

Jeep ending sales of internal combustion engine only models in France

Green Car Congress

APRIL 5, 2022

The Jeep is ending the sale in France of non-electrified internal combustion engines (ICE) on all the Renegade and Compass ranges; the Wrangler and the Grand Cherokee being already only available in 4xe plug-in hybrid versions. e-Hybrid versions of Renegade and Compass replace ICE engines, including diesel versions.

Jeep

Jeep France International Engine

Honda Anna Engine Plant produces 30-millionth engine; retooling to add battery module casings production

Green Car Congress

JUNE 1, 2023

Honda celebrated production of the 30-millionth engine built at the company’s Anna Engine Plant in Ohio with the production of the newly refined 2.0-liter liter Atkinson-cycle four-cylinder engine, which is part of the two-motor hybrid-electric system that powers Honda Accord and CR-V hybrid-electric models.

Honda

Honda Engine Ohio Acura

Rheinmetall books order for more than 500,000 hybrid vehicle engine blocks from SAIC

Green Car Congress

APRIL 13, 2023

The Materials and Trade division of the tech enterprise Rheinmetall has booked a new order to produce engine blocks for a hybrid vehicle. The order, worth a figure in the mid-double-digit million-euro range, encompasses more than 500,000 units.

Engine

Engine Hybrid Vehicles China

Lamborghini provides first details of LB744 hybrid super sports car; V12 engine, 3 motors, 1015 CV

Green Car Congress

MARCH 8, 2023

liter V12 mid-mounted engine is complemented by three electric motors, one of which is integrated into the new double-clutch eight-speed gearbox. This is mounted transversely and placed for the first time behind the combustion engine. Lamborghini has been synonymous with V12 engines since the company was founded.

Motor

Motor Motors Motoring Engine

Mazda to unveil new MX-30 plug-in hybrid model with rotary engine at Brussels show

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 10, 2023

Available on the European market this spring, the plug-in hybrid powertrain of Mazda’s compact crossover will feature an electric generator powered by a newly-developed rotary engine. The current 2022 MX-30 offers an all-electric drive choice within the Mazda range. 2022 Mazda MX-30. 2022 Mazda MX-30.

Mazda

Mazda Plug-in Plug Engine

BMW adding two plug-in hybrid variants to 7 Series range; first use of pre-gearing stage

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 28, 2022

BMW is adding two plug-in hybrid (PHEV) variants to the new BMW 7 Series range, including the first BMW M model in the range. liters/100 km [35 – 39 mpg US]; CO 2 emissions combined: 178 – 160 g/km in the WLTP cycle), with a six-cylinder in-line diesel engine boosted by 48V mild hybrid technology.

BMW

BMW Plug-in Plug Hybrid

Porsche Engineering and Vodafone Business establish 5G hybrid MPN at Nardò

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 13, 2022

Porsche Engineering and Vodafone Business have established Europe’s first 5G hybrid mobile private network (MPN) at Nardò Technical Center (NTC) for the development of intelligent and connected vehicles. The mobile network allows for managed hybrid access, allowing public SIMs to participate, as well as private SIMs managed by NTC.

Porsche

Porsche Engine Hybrid Connect

Reaction Engines and Rolls-Royce partner on high-speed aircraft systems; hybrid-electric systems

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 25, 2020

Reaction Engines Ltd and Rolls-Royce plc announced a new strategic partnership agreement to develop high-speed aircraft propulsion systems and explore applications for Reaction Engines’ thermal management technology within civil and defence aerospace gas turbine engines and hybrid-electric systems.

Engine

Engine Hybrid Gas-Electric Electrical

Bi-fuel evolutions of the LEVC TX taxi and VN5 van; range extender engines run on LPG/biopropane and CNG/biomethane

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 12, 2022

HP Taxis, Prins Alternative Fuel Systems and SBL-Automotive revealed [link] of the plug-in hybrid range-extended electric LEVC TX taxi and VN5 van allowing the range extender engine to run on LPG and CNG and their renewable counterparts of biopropane and biomethane. For CNG/biomethane the engine bay layout is similar.

Taxi

Taxi Engine Range Fuel

Toyota boosts 2023 Corolla Hybrid; starting MSRP $1,250 lower than 2022 Corolla Hybrid

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 19, 2022

The Toyota Corolla Hybrid enters the 2023 model year as a thoroughly upgraded model. The 2023 Corolla Hybrid now offers a choice of five model grades versus just one before. The 2023 Corolla Hybrid LE grade gets a $1,250 price reduction (starting from $22,800, down from $24,050). As before, the system pairs a 1.8-liter

Hybrid

Hybrid Toyota Fuel Economy Economy

China Yuchai launches China’s first operating hydrogen engine for commercial vehicles

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 2, 2022

The YCK05 engine is the first operating hydrogen engine for China’s commercial vehicle market, the world’s largest commercial vehicle market. The YCK05 engine is the first operating hydrogen engine for China’s commercial vehicle market, the world’s largest commercial vehicle market.

Hydrogen

Hydrogen Commercial Engine China

LiquidPiston awarded $9M contract from DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory for compact efficient heavy-fueled rotary engine program

Green Car Congress

NOVEMBER 2, 2022

LiquidPiston announced a $9-million award from the US Army to design, build and demonstrate an advanced, heavy-fueled combustion engine that uses up to 30% less fuel than comparable gasoline-powered engines in the same power class and reduces size and weight by up to 10x over diesel engines with comparable power output.

Engine

Engine Fuel Gasoline-Electric Gasoline

Citroën strengthens plug-in hybrid offering

Green Car Congress

NOVEMBER 7, 2022

Citroën is offering a new, more accessible plug-in hybrid with a new version on the C5 Aircross that combines the 150 hp (110 kW) PureTech gasoline engine with an 81 kW electric engine for a combined power of 180 hp. Its range in ZEV mode has been increased by almost 15% to up to 64 km (39 miles). kWh battery (11.3

Plug-in

Plug-in Plug Hybrid Gasoline-Electric

Airbus developing hydrogen fuel cell engine

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 1, 2022

Airbus is developing a hydrogen-powered fuel cell engine. Airbus will start ground and flight testing this fuel cell engine architecture onboard its ZEROe demonstrator aircraft towards the middle of the decade. A hydrogen gas turbine can also be coupled with fuel cells instead of batteries in a hybrid-electric architecture.

Hydrogen

Hydrogen Engine Fuel Gas-Electric

Ford updates Escape with new ST-Line; full hybrid and plug-in hybrid options

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 26, 2022

Escape, which debuted the world’s first hybrid SUV in 2005, brings back two hybrid choices for 2023, a full hybrid and a Plug-In Hybrid model. 2023 Ford Escape Plug In Hybrid (left) and ST-Line Elite (right). liter EcoBoost engine targeting 250hp and standard all-wheel drive and an available hybrid option.

Escape

Escape Plug-in Hybrid Plug

Rolls-Royce invests in new test facilities at Purdue for high-altitude and hybrid-electric aircraft engines

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 4, 2021

Rolls-Royce has launched a new major investment project with Purdue University to develop new test facilities for high-altitude and hybrid-electric engines to power the next generation of US military aircraft. Gas turbine engine test cells must offer flexible operation to qualify engines for customer use.

Engine

Engine Indianapolis Hybrid North America

US Army awards Cummins $87M contract to deliver the opposed-piston Advanced Combat Engine

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 3, 2021

Coupling our opposed-piston technology with Cummins’s robust engine design, manufacturing, and new product introduction capabilities allows us to create a high performing and reliable engine for military operations. Earlier post.). —Dave Crompton, President and CEO of Achates Power.

Engine

Engine Hybrid Diesel Affordable

Geely testing Emgrand methanol hybrid sedan in -40 C conditions

Green Car Congress

MARCH 22, 2022

Geely is testing the world’s first methanol hybrid sedan in sub -40 °C (-40 ?F) Geely’s latest Methanol Hybrid Emgrand is based on Geely Auto’s fourth-generation B-Segment Modular Architecture (BMA) Emgrand sedan. Acting as a range extender at lower speeds and only sending power to the wheels at high speeds allows the 1.8L

Hybrid

Hybrid Iceland Chinese Clean

PHEV version of new VW Tiguan to have electric range of up to 100 km

Green Car Congress

JUNE 16, 2023

With plug-in hybrid drive, the new Tiguan will achieve electric ranges of up to 100 kilometers in the future. It will be offered with turbodiesel engines (TDI), turbocharged gasoline engines (TSI), mild hybrid turbocharged gasoline engines (eTSI) and plug-in hybrid systems (eHybrid).

Range

Range PHEV Plug-in Plug

Cummins to introduce 15-liter natural gas engine for North America; basis for hydrogen engine under development

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 14, 2021

will bring to market a 15-liter natural gas engine for heavy-duty trucks. The 15-liter natural gas engine is an important part of Cummins strategy for its path to zero emissions. —Srikanth Padmanabhan, President, Engine Business, Cummins. Cummins Inc.

North America

North America Engine Gas Hydrogen

TOYOTA GAZOO Racing revises GR010 HYBRID for 2023 season

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 26, 2023

TOYOTA GAZOO Racing has revealed a revised GR010 HYBRID Hypercar for the 2023 season, when it will defend its number one status against new competitors at the Le Mans 24 Hours and the FIA World Endurance Championship (WEC). Adjustments have been made to the high-performance Racing Hybrid powertrain, which consists of 520kW (707PS) 3.5-liter

Hybrid

Hybrid Toyota Bahrain Ferrari

Porsche increases electric range for all Cayenne E-Hybrid PHEVs by up to 30%

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 28, 2020

Porsche has increased the electric range of all its Cayenne plug-in hybrid models. kWh, which boosts the electric range by up to 30%. All Cayenne E-Hybrid models therefore meet the current range criterion that entitles owners to an “E” number plate and reduced company car tax in Germany. Cayenne E-Hybrid Coupé.

Cayenne

Cayenne Porsche All-Electric Hybrid

Rolls-Royce developing turbogenerator technology for hybrid-electric aviation applications

Green Car Congress

JUNE 23, 2022

Rolls-Royce is developing turbogenerator technology—including a new small engine—designed for hybrid-electric aviation applications. This will advance hybrid-electric flight and mean more passengers will be able to travel further on low to net zero emissions aircraft.

Hybrid

Hybrid Norway Hungary Electrical

Hyliion acquires KARNO fuel-agnostic generator technology from GE for range-extended electric truck

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 29, 2022

Hyliion, a developer of electrified powertrain solutions for Class 8 commercial vehicles ( earlier post ), has entered into a definitive agreement to acquire a new fuel-agnostic generator (KARNO) from GE Additive for its range-extended series-hybrid powertrain. —Thomas Healy, Founder and CEO of Hyliion.

Fuel

Fuel Range Hydrogen Available Today

Vanner begins production of IAP2 accessory electrification system for Allison’s hybrid eGen Flex in 90 GILLIG hybrid buses

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 16, 2023

Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA) will be receiving more than 90 GILLIG electric hybrid buses equipped with Vanner’s Increase Accessory Power 2 (IAP2). All vehicle accessories are powered by the electric hybrid propulsion system and function independently of vehicle operation.

Hybrid

Hybrid Production Convert DC

New Volkswagen Passat Variant features new PHEV drives; fast charging up to 50 kW, 100 km range

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 1, 2023

The range of two new plug-in hybrid drives, one mild hybrid drive and five turbocharged gasoline and diesel engine variants is characterized by efficiency. kWh battery (net energy content), they make all-electric ranges of around 100 km possible. TSI evo2) provides overall ranges of around 1,000 km.

Range

Range Charging PHEV Gasoline-Electric

Alfa Romeo Tonale PHEV completes EPA testing: 33 miles electric range, 77 MPGe

Green Car Congress

JUNE 1, 2023

The all-new Alfa Romeo Tonale ( earlier post ) has completed final US EPA testing with an electric range of 33 miles and MPGe rating of 77. Total range of the Alfa Romeo Tonale with a full battery charge is 360 miles. liter MultiAir turbocharged four-cylinder engine (180-horsepower) to provide torque to the front wheels.

PHEV

PHEV EPA Miles Range

Allison Transmission introduces eGen Force electric hybrid propulsion system for tracked combat vehicles

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 11, 2022

Allison Transmission introduced the eGen Force electric hybrid propulsion system for tracked combat vehicles. This product is more than a transmission—it is a power distribution system featuring an electric motor and inverter for on-board vehicle power and parallel hybrid operation. Engine power. 850 kW / 1140 hp.

Hybrid

Hybrid Vehicles Electrical Electric

Road Test: 2024 Range Rover Velar Dynamic SE Mild Hybrid

Clean Fleet Report

MARCH 2, 2024

Midsize SUV with Range Rover Cachet The 2024 Range Rover Velar is one of the entry-level midsize Range Rover models (the smaller Evoque takes the pure entry-level prize). However, nothing is lost in its design that retains the premium appeal of the larger Range Rover Sport Autobiography and the Range Rover Sport SE Dynamic.

Range

Range Hybrid Land Rover Clean

Volvo extends S60 range with plug-in hybrid powertrain and new trim levels

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 22, 2019

Volvo has extended its S60 range—the third generation of the premium mid-size sedan—to incorporate further powertrain choices and equipment grades, including an allwheeldrive gasoline-electric hybrid and a trim level that focuses on luxury and craftsmanship. The T8 Twin Engine's 11.8

Volvo

Volvo Plug-in Plug South Carolina

Lexus adds 2024 RX 450H+ plug-in hybrid to the lineup; starting at $70,080

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 2, 2023

Building on the all-new redesign of its RX crossover vehicle last year, Lexus is adding the anticipated plug-in hybrid to the electrified lineup: the 2024 Lexus RX 450h+. liter inline 4-cylinder engine (shared with NX), the 2024 RX 450h+ hybrid system has a manufacturer-estimated combined 83 MPGe rating. second 0-60 time.

Lexus

Lexus Plug-in Plug Hybrid

WinGD and Hyundai Heavy Industries collaborate on ammonia two-stroke engine development

Green Car Congress

JUNE 15, 2022

WinGD and Hyundai Heavy Industries’ Engine Machinery Division (EMD) are to collaborate on delivering the first WinGD engine capable of running on ammonia. The project will explore ammonia concepts for both diesel-fueled WinGD X-type engines and dual-fuel LNG X-DF engines.

Engine

Engine Hyundai Industrial Industry

Flemish public transport operator orders 44 new articulated plug-in e-hybrid buses, upgrades 280 hybrids into e-hybrids

Green Car Congress

JULY 18, 2021

De Lijn, the public transport operator (PTO) in the Flemish part of Belgium, is ordering 44 new articulated plug-in e-hybrid buses; further, the operator confirmed the upgrade of 280 if its current hybrid buses into e-hybrids. The main advantage of e-hybrid buses over regular hybrids lays in their battery capacity.

Hybrid

Hybrid Plug-in Transportation Plug

Plug-in hybrid model now tops the Porsche Cayenne range

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 13, 2019

Porsche’s Cayenne range follows the Panamera series ( earlier post ) in now featuring a plug-in hybrid as its new flagship model. Cayenne Turbo S E-Hybrid Coupé, Cayenne Turbo S E-Hybrid, 2019. kWh/100 km, CO 2 emissions combined 75–72 g/km), torque of 700 N·m, and electric range of up to 43 kilometers (26.7

Cayenne

Cayenne Porsche Plug-in Hybrid

Hyliion and Cummins optimizing Cummins ISX12N natural gas engine as generator for Hypertruck ERX powertrain

Green Car Congress

JUNE 29, 2022

Hyliion and Cummins are partnering to optimize the Cummins natural gas engine as the generator for the Hyliion Hypertruck ERX powertrain ( earlier post ). The Hyliion Hypertruck ERX is an electric range extender semi-truck powertrain solution using onboard power generation to recharge the batteries.

Gas

Gas Engine North America Gas-Electric

Volvo Cars and Geely Holding create Aurobay for joint powertrain operations; engines, transmissions and hybrids

Green Car Congress

JULY 9, 2021

The new company will be a global supplier of complete powertrain solutions including next-generation combustion engines, transmissions and hybrid solutions. The company aims for 50% of its global sales volume to consist of fully electric cars by 2025 while 50% will be hybrids, with powertrains supplied by Aurobay.

Volvo

Volvo Engine Hybrid Sweden

LiquidPiston awarded $1.7M Phase II Army contract to advance hybrid electrification for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 16, 2022

million Phase II award from the US Army to continue the development of the company’s Hybrid Electric X-Engine (HEXE) propulsion system. The hybrid system changes the concept of operation, allowing quiet, electric-only cruise in addition to electric-assist sprint and climb modes. LiquidPiston announced a $1.7-million

Hybrid

Hybrid Engine Vehicles Concept

Rolls-Royce announces new hydrogen engine program; updates on hybrid-electric research

Alfa Romeo starts production of its first plug-in hybrid; Tonale offers 30 miles electric range

Mercedes launches new plug-in hybrid S 580 e; Gen4 hybrid system, 100 km electric range

LiquidPiston introduces XTS-210 25hp heavy-fueled rotary engine; 1/5th size & weight of current diesel piston engines of same power

Air Force contracts LiquidPiston to adapt its rotary X-Engine technology for hybrid-electric propulsion for UAS and orbs

LiquidPiston receives SBIR grant to develop X-Engine as hybrid-electric platform for UAVs

Geely launches Methanol Hybrid Emgrand in China market

Jeep ending sales of internal combustion engine only models in France

Honda Anna Engine Plant produces 30-millionth engine; retooling to add battery module casings production

Rheinmetall books order for more than 500,000 hybrid vehicle engine blocks from SAIC

Lamborghini provides first details of LB744 hybrid super sports car; V12 engine, 3 motors, 1015 CV

Mazda to unveil new MX-30 plug-in hybrid model with rotary engine at Brussels show

BMW adding two plug-in hybrid variants to 7 Series range; first use of pre-gearing stage

Porsche Engineering and Vodafone Business establish 5G hybrid MPN at Nardò

Reaction Engines and Rolls-Royce partner on high-speed aircraft systems; hybrid-electric systems

Bi-fuel evolutions of the LEVC TX taxi and VN5 van; range extender engines run on LPG/biopropane and CNG/biomethane

Toyota boosts 2023 Corolla Hybrid; starting MSRP $1,250 lower than 2022 Corolla Hybrid

China Yuchai launches China’s first operating hydrogen engine for commercial vehicles

LiquidPiston awarded $9M contract from DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory for compact efficient heavy-fueled rotary engine program

Citroën strengthens plug-in hybrid offering

Airbus developing hydrogen fuel cell engine

Ford updates Escape with new ST-Line; full hybrid and plug-in hybrid options

Rolls-Royce invests in new test facilities at Purdue for high-altitude and hybrid-electric aircraft engines

US Army awards Cummins $87M contract to deliver the opposed-piston Advanced Combat Engine

Geely testing Emgrand methanol hybrid sedan in -40 C conditions

PHEV version of new VW Tiguan to have electric range of up to 100 km

Cummins to introduce 15-liter natural gas engine for North America; basis for hydrogen engine under development

TOYOTA GAZOO Racing revises GR010 HYBRID for 2023 season

Porsche increases electric range for all Cayenne E-Hybrid PHEVs by up to 30%

Rolls-Royce developing turbogenerator technology for hybrid-electric aviation applications

Hyliion acquires KARNO fuel-agnostic generator technology from GE for range-extended electric truck

Vanner begins production of IAP2 accessory electrification system for Allison’s hybrid eGen Flex in 90 GILLIG hybrid buses

New Volkswagen Passat Variant features new PHEV drives; fast charging up to 50 kW, 100 km range

Alfa Romeo Tonale PHEV completes EPA testing: 33 miles electric range, 77 MPGe

Allison Transmission introduces eGen Force electric hybrid propulsion system for tracked combat vehicles

Road Test: 2024 Range Rover Velar Dynamic SE Mild Hybrid

Volvo extends S60 range with plug-in hybrid powertrain and new trim levels

Lexus adds 2024 RX 450H+ plug-in hybrid to the lineup; starting at $70,080

WinGD and Hyundai Heavy Industries collaborate on ammonia two-stroke engine development

Flemish public transport operator orders 44 new articulated plug-in e-hybrid buses, upgrades 280 hybrids into e-hybrids

Plug-in hybrid model now tops the Porsche Cayenne range

Hyliion and Cummins optimizing Cummins ISX12N natural gas engine as generator for Hypertruck ERX powertrain

Volvo Cars and Geely Holding create Aurobay for joint powertrain operations; engines, transmissions and hybrids

LiquidPiston awarded $1.7M Phase II Army contract to advance hybrid electrification for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)

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