Connected, Gasoline, Gasoline-Electric and Lithium Ion

SEAT launches all-new Leon; gasoline, diesel, CNG, mild-hybrid, plug-in hybrid; €1.1B investment

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 29, 2020

billion in fourth generation of the Leon to bring it to market with more efficient engines, next levels of connectivity and driving assistance, dynamism and eye-catching aesthetics to the market. The system is designed so that the gear selector is not connected to the gearbox mechanically, instead using electronic signals to shift.

Plug-in

Plug-in Gasoline Diesel Hybrid

SEAT large SUV Tarraco e-HYBRID PHEV enters production

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 1, 2020

With a 13 kWh lithium-ion battery back, it can also travel for up to 49 km (58km in NEDC) (30 and 36 miles, respectively) in all-electric mode. And when using both electric and gasoline engines, the SEAT Tarraco e-HYBRID can reach up to 730 km (454 miles). g/km while it uses between 1.6 – 2.0

Hybrid

Hybrid SUV PHEV Lithium Ion

Volvo to unveil XC60 gasoline-electric Plug-in Hybrid Concept at Detroit show; system targeted for US and China markets

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 4, 2012

At the 2012 North American International Auto Show in Detroit, Volvo Car Corporation will unveil the Volvo XC60 gasoline-electric Plug-in Hybrid Concept. In February 2011 at the Geneva Motor Show, Volvo introduced the diesel-electric V60 Plug-in Hybrid (PHEV) to go on sale in Europe later this year. Click to enlarge. and Russia.

Gasoline-Electric

Gasoline-Electric Plug-in Volvo Gasoline

New Nissan Qashqai in Europe to offer 12V MHEV and upgraded e-POWER powertrains

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 19, 2021

DiG-T gasoline engine equipped with mild hybrid technology, but also e-POWER, Nissan’s non-plug-in series-hybrid electric powertrain in its European debut. Electric vehicles have the highest satisfaction for driving sensations and customers love the instant torque and continuous acceleration they deliver.

Europe

Europe Nissan Power Powered

DOE to award up to $133M for advanced vehicle technologies research

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 24, 2020

Topic areas include: Batteries and Electrification (up to $40 million) Lithium-ion batteries using silicon-based anodes. Low-cost electric traction drive systems using no heavy rare earth materials. million) Platinum-group metals content reduction to enable cost-effective after-treatment for gasoline and diesel engines.

Alternative Fuels

Alternative Fuels Vehicles Lithium Ion 2020

Ford to launch new generation of Mondeo hybrid models in 2019; first Mondeo hybrid wagon

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 4, 2018

Ford will enhance the fuel-efficient Mondeo Hybrid gasoline-electric vehicle range—including the introduction of the first Mondeo Hybrid wagon variant—from 2019. The Ford Mondeo Hybrid powertrain uses an electric motor to support the specially-developed 2.0-liter

Hybrid

Hybrid 2019 Ford Gasoline-Electric

DOE announces $139M in funding for 55 projects to advance innovative vehicle technologies

Green Car Congress

JULY 17, 2020

Support mobility technologies such as connected and automated vehicles, as well as innovations in transit. Area of Interest (AOI) 01a: Lithium Ion Batteries using Silicon-based Anodes-Research. Rational Electrolyte Design for Li-ion Batteries with Micro-Sized Silicon Anodes. Project description. Federal share.

Lithium Ion

Lithium Ion Vehicles Li-ion Universal

Extinguishing the EV Battery Fire Hype

Cars That Think

DECEMBER 4, 2023

Electric vehicles are no exception. according to a 2023 study citing recent data from the National Transportation Safety Board and the Bureau of Transportation Statistics , gasoline-powered, internal-combustion engine (ICE) cars were involved in about 1,530 fires per every 100,000 sold. Cars catch fire. In the U.S.,

Batteries

Batteries Battery Gasoline-Electric Gasoline

Toyota launches new RAV4 PHEV in Japan

Green Car Congress

JUNE 9, 2020

Toyota has launched the new model RAV4 plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) ( earlier post ) through dealerships in Japan. It also achieves an all-electric driving range of 95 kilometers (59 miles), and a hybrid fuel economy of 22 km/L (51.7 The fifth generation RAV4 was released in April 2019.

PHEV

PHEV Japan Toyota Lithium Ion

Ford to show production version of new Transit PHEV and 48V mHEV version

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 11, 2018

Ford will present its latest generation of connected and electrified Transit products at the IAA Commercial Vehicle show in Hannover, Germany, from 20-27 September 2018. The mHEV system captures energy on deceleration in a 48-volt lithium-ion battery, and uses the stored energy to help drive the engine and electrical ancillaries.

PHEV

PHEV Ford Lithium Ion Production

Ford introducing 48V mild-hybrid Fiesta and Focus in Europe

Green Car Congress

MARCH 27, 2019

The Fiesta EcoBoost Hybrid and Focus EcoBoost Hybrid will feature a mild-hybrid architecture with a belt-driven integrated starter/generator (BISG) replacing the standard alternator, enabling recovery and storage of energy usually lost during braking and coasting to charge a 48-volt lithium-ion air-cooled battery pack.

Ford

Ford Europe Hybrid Lithium Ion

Hyundai reveals redesigned 2022 Kona and Kona Electric SUVs

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 17, 2021

Hyundai provided details for its significantly redesigned and enhanced 2022 Kona and Kona Electric SUVs for the US market. The new Kona receives a variety of updates—powertrains, connectivity, safety suite—driven by US customer research. 2022 Kona Electric. Kona Electric powertrain. Gasoline powertrains.

SUV

SUV Hyundai Gasoline-Electric Electric

Mercedes-Benz bringing series of 3rd-generation plug-in hybrids to market; EQ Power, gasoline or diesel; C-, E- and S-Class

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 13, 2018

kWh battery in the hybrid vehicles is paired with either a gasoline engine or, for the first time, a diesel engine. kg/100 km, combined CO 2 emissions 0 g/km, weighted electrical consumption 13.7 l/100 km, combined CO2 emissions 42 g/km, combined electrical consumption 19.1-18.7 kWh/100 km). Earlier post.).

Plug-in

Plug-in Mercedes Plug Hybrid

2019 Honda Insight production model to make global debut at New York International Auto Show; series hybrid with 55 mpg city

Green Car Congress

MARCH 26, 2018

liter Atkinson cycle engine, electric propulsion motor, and lithium-ion battery pack. Total system output is 151 horsepower and 197 lb-ft (267 N·m) of electric motor torque. In normal mode, the Insight is capable of all-electric driving for short distances of roughly a mile. l/100 km) in the city.

Honda Insight

Honda Insight Insight New York Honda

New BMW 3 Series Touring to offer PHEV version; XtraBoost mode

Green Car Congress

JUNE 12, 2019

The BMW eDrive technology in the BMW 330e Touring comprises a four-cylinder gasoline engine and an electric motor integrated into the eight-speed Steptronic transmission. Electric power consumption averages between 16.3 The new BMW 3 Series Touring, Model M Sport and the new BMW 3 Series Touring, Modell Luxury Line.

BMW

BMW PHEV Lithium Ion Gasoline-Electric

MINI Cooper SE EV making show debut at IAA; MINI boosts electric range of Countryman PHEV up to 35 miles

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 3, 2019

The new MINI Cooper SE electric vehicle (fuel consumption combined: 0.0 l/100 km; electric power consumption combined: 16.8 – 14.8 l/100 km; electric power consumption combined: 13.9 – 13.5 l/100 km; electric power consumption combined: 13.9 – 13.5 kWh/100 km; CO 2 emissions combined: 47 – 43 g/km). MINI Cooper SE.

Miles

Miles Range Lithium Ion PHEV

BMW launches plug-in hybrid variant of X3; updates to other PHEVs

Green Car Congress

MARCH 10, 2019

This makes it the first model of the brand to be offered with both a conventional combustion engine and a plug-in hybrid system—with the addition of a purely electrically powered version in 2020. The BMW X3 xDrive30e achieves an electrically powered range of up to 50 kilometers. BMW Group electrified vehicles.

Plug-in

Plug-in BMW Plug Hybrid

Mercedes-Benz introducing diesel E 300 BlueTEC HYBRID with fuel economy of 56 mpg US; gasoline-engined E 400 HYBRID model to follow

Green Car Congress

MARCH 28, 2012

Daimler will introduce the Mercedes-Benz E 400 HYBRID—equipped with a V6 gasoline engine—into in the US market, and later in other countries such as Japan and China. Electric range. kWh lithium-ion battery pack, the modular hybrid system requires little installation space and weighs around 100 kg. 35/160 km/h.

Hybrid

Hybrid Mercedes Diesel Fuel Economy

DS brand accelerating development of electric cars

Green Car Congress

JUNE 14, 2017

Starting with DS 7 CROSSBACK, it will be releasing a new model every year, all with an electrified version (hybrid or all-electric). By 2025, more than a third of DS vehicles sold will be hybrid or all-electric. Peugeot’s premium brand DS is accelerating the development of electrified cars.

Electric Cars

Electric Cars Gasoline-Electric Cars Electric

Updated Audi Q7 SUV has 48V MHEV as standard, new PHEV option

Green Car Congress

JUNE 26, 2019

Its central component, the belt alternator starter (BAS), powers a 48-volt main electrical system in which a compact lithium-ion battery stores the energy. Shortly after the market introduction in September, a gasoline unit, followed also by a plug-in hybrid model, will join the lineup. Audi connect and assist systems.

Audi

Audi Standards SUV PHEV

Opel presents PHEV version of Grandland X SUV

Green Car Congress

MAY 14, 2019

Opel presented the new all-wheel drive PHEV (plug-in hybrid electric vehicle) version of the Grandland X. turbocharged gasoline engine and two electric motors for a system output of up to 300hp. litr†e turbocharged direct injection four-cylinder gasoline engine specially adapted to the hybrid application; and.

PHEV

PHEV SUV Plug-in Gasoline-Electric

New Gen 8 Volkswagen Golf offers five hybrid versions from 48V MHEV to PHEV

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 24, 2019

The powertrain range of the new Golf features gasoline (TSI); diesel (TDI); natural gas (TGI); mild hybrid (eTSI); and plug-in hybrid drives (eHybrid). All gasoline and diesel engines are turbocharged direct injection units. Gasoline engines (TSI). They generate 66 kW/90 PS; 81 kW/110 PS; 96 kW/130 PS; and 110 kW/150 PS.

Hybrid

Hybrid PHEV Lithium Ion Gasoline-Electric

Ford extends Transit Plug-In Hybrid Van trial to Cologne

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 3, 2018

This will extend to a third European city research into the use of plug-in hybrid electric vans that run solely on electric power for most city trips. liter EcoBoost gasoline engine that charges the on-board compact liquid-cooled lithium-ion battery pack as required to offer a total range of up to 500 kilometers (310 miles).

Plug-in

Plug-in Ford Plug Hybrid

Volkswagen introduces new Coasting 2.0 micro hybrid system and new natural gas engine at Vienna Motor Symposium

Green Car Congress

APRIL 27, 2017

Volkswagen is also highlighting its spectrum of efficiency and electrification solutions all the way to further optimized battery-powered propulsion as in the new e-Golf and the coming new MEB-based electric vehicles exemplified by its series of I.D. Partially and fully electric drive systems form a key pillar of our drive system strategy.

Gas

Gas Engine Motor Motors

DOE issues Notice of Intent for 2020 advanced vehicle technology research

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 13, 2019

This FOA may include the following topics: Lithium-ion batteries using silicon-based anode. Low-cost electric traction drive systems using no heavy rare earth materials. Platinum group metals content reduction to enable cost-effective aftertreatment for gasoline and diesel engines.

2020

2020 Vehicles Polymer Gasoline-Electric

Mercedes-Benz B-Class Electric Drive priced at $41,450 for US; 85-mile range

Green Car Congress

APRIL 29, 2014

The MY14 B-Class Electric Drive. The Mercedes-Benz MY14 B-Class Electric Drive ( earlier post )—the first electric offering for the brand in the United States—is priced at $41,450, excluding $925 destination and delivery. Mercedes-Benz has collaborated with Telsa Motors to develop the electric B-Class.

Mercedes

Mercedes Miles Rhode Island Range

Plug-in hybrid model now tops the Porsche Cayenne range

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 13, 2019

The Cayenne Turbo S E-Hybrid and the Cayenne Turbo S E-Hybrid Coupé draw their system output of 500 kW from the intelligent interaction of a four-liter V8 engine (404 kW/550 PS) and an electric motor integrated into the eight-speed Tiptronic S transmission (100 kW/136 PS). kWh/100 km (electric). l/100 km, electricity consumption 18.7–17.7

Cayenne

Cayenne Porsche Plug-in Hybrid

Jaguar Land Rover introduces plug-in hybrid model to Range Rover Sport line-up: the P400e

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 4, 2017

liter four-cylinder Ingenium gasoline engine with a 116PS (85kW) electric motor. The Range Rover Sport P400e emits only 64g CO 2 /km on the NEDC combined cycle and offers an all-electric range of up to 31 miles (51 km) without the gasoline engine running. kWh high-voltage lithium-ion battery.

Land Rover

Land Rover Plug-in Range Plug

Road Test: Ford 2023 Escape PHEV

Clean Fleet Report

DECEMBER 11, 2023

The Natural Bridge to an EV Escaping the High Price of Fuel The natural bridge from a gasoline-powered car to an electric vehicle is a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV). A 37-mile range EV Electric and Gasoline Power The 2023 Ford Escape PHEV is powered by a 2.5-liter Two gasoline engines—a 1.5-liter

Escape

Escape PHEV Ford Gasoline-Electric

Schaeffler preparing 48V mild hybrid Audi TT for road testing

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 30, 2015

An additional belt-driven starter generator is connected to the engine which also operates at 48 V. The 48 V on-board electric subsystem uses a lithium-ion battery as its energy store. Driving at lower speeds, in stop/start traffic or when maneuvering into a parking space is all electric.

Audi

Audi Hybrid Lithium Ion North America

Ford begins production of 2012 Focus Electric at Michigan Assembly, C-MAX models on deck

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 14, 2011

Ford’s Michigan Assembly Plant is starting production of the 2012 Focus Electric ( earlier post )—a five-passenger, battery-electric car Ford expects will achieve more than a 100 miles per gallon equivalent (MPGe) fuel economy rating. 1 gallon of gasoline=33.7 Phoenix and Tucson, Ariz.; Portland, Ore.; Raleigh-Durham, N.C.;

Michigan

Michigan 2012 Ford Lithium Ion

Hyundai introduces enhanced IONIQ in Europe; BEV gets 38.3 kWh pack

Green Car Congress

MAY 3, 2019

Hyundai Motor is introducing connectivity and design enhancements for the new IONIQ in Europe. As of its launch in 2016, IONIQ was the world’s first car planned from the start to offer three electrified powertrains: hybrid, plug-in hybrid and battery-electric. New Hyundai IONIQ Electric. kWh lithium-ion-polymer battery.

Hyundai

Hyundai Europe Plug-in Plug

Audi’s mild-hybrid systems: 12V for 4-cylinders, 48V for 6- and 8-cylinders

Green Car Congress

JUNE 2, 2017

For the four-cylinder engines they are based on the familiar 12-volt electrical system. The six-cylinder and eight-cylinder engines, as well as the W12 cylinder units, will receive a new 48-volt system generally serving as the main vehicle electric system. A heavy-duty V-ribbed belt connects it to the crankshaft. Earlier post.)

Hybrid

Hybrid Volt Audi Lithium Ion

Ford launching major new product push in Europe; fuel economy and 1.0L EcoBoost engine; first Ford full hybrid car for Europe

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 6, 2012

To support the rollout, Ford will rapidly expand the availability of EcoBoost gasoline engine technology, low CO 2 ECOnetic Technologies, vehicle electrification and driver assistance features. The Focus Electric will go on sale early next year. The Ford Mondeo Hybrid will be Ford’s first full hybrid-electric vehicle for Europe.

Fuel Economy

Fuel Economy Europe Ford Economy

Chevrolet and OnStar Give Volt Owners 24/7 Connection and Control via Wireless Smartphone Application

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 5, 2010

OnStar’s Mobile Application will use a real-time data connection to interact with the Volt and perform tasks from setting the charge time to unlocking the doors. It uses a real-time data connection to perform tasks from setting the charge time to unlocking the doors. This preserves the battery charge for driving without gasoline.

Volt

Volt Chevrolet Connect Connected

Volkswagen unveils 5-seat Atlas Cross Sport Concept plug-in hybrid with 26-mile AER; mild hybrid option

Green Car Congress

MARCH 27, 2018

A five-seat version of the 7-seat Atlas that went on sale in the US in 2017, the near-production concept car features a coupe-like profile, an even sportier stance, and a plug-in hybrid drivetrain with 355 horsepower and an anticipated 26 miles (42 km) of all-electric range. kWh lithium-ion battery housed in the center tunnel.

Concept

Concept Plug-in Hybrid Plug

Ford reveals production version of Transit Custom PHEV at IAA Commercial Vehicles

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 19, 2018

Ford revealed the production version of the new Transit Custom plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) at IAA Commercial Vehicle show in Hannover, Germany. The Transit Custom PHEV targets an all-electric driving range of 50 kilometers (31 miles), and uses the multi-award-winning Ford 1.0-liter

PHEV

PHEV Commercial Ford Production

Ford Selects Compact Power to Supply Li-ion Battery Pack for Ford Focus Electric On Sale in US in 2011

Green Car Congress

JULY 13, 2010

(CPI), a wholly owned subsidiary of LG Chem, as the supplier of lithium-ion battery packs for the 2011 Ford Focus Electric for the US market. will begin battery pack assembly for the Ford Focus Electric next year and is finalizing production site selection for the US. Tags: Batteries Electric (Battery).

Ford

Ford 2011 Lithium Ion Li-ion

Fisker unveils the Atlantic design prototype in New York; second-generation EVer powertrain

Green Car Congress

APRIL 3, 2012

Revealed as a design prototype, the Fisker Atlantic is a luxury four-door sporting sedan using the second generation EVer (Electric Vehicle with extended range) technology. Its four-cylinder gasoline engine, which acts as a generator and is not mechanically connected to the wheels, is tuned to offer maximum economy and high torque.

Fisker

Fisker New York Design Karma

2020 Ford Escape to offer hybrid and PHEV variants

Green Car Congress

APRIL 3, 2019

Escape, which debuted the world’s first hybrid SUV in 2005, brings back two hybrid choices for 2020—a standard hybrid and a plug-in variant—and introduces technologies ranging from drive modes and driver-assist features to electric vehicle ingenuity and on-board connectivity.

Escape

Escape 2020 Ford Hybrid

Audi gives S5 models their first diesel and 48V MHEV systems; performance and efficiency

Green Car Congress

APRIL 17, 2019

An electric powered compressor provides for strong off-the-line performance; a 48V mild hybrid system (MHEV) enhances efficiency. The new S models consume on average 19% less fuel than their predecessors with gasoline engines despite producing significantly more torque. A compact, air-cooled lithium-ion battery with a capacity of 0.5

Audi

Audi Diesel Volt Connect

Market launch of BMW X5 xDrive45e plug-in hybrid

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 30, 2019

The second-generation of the BMW X5 with electrified drive combines a model-specific in-line 6-cylinder gasoline engine featuring BMW TwinPower Turbo Technology with the latest BMW eDrive technology. The top speed when driving on electric power alone is increased from 120 to 135 km/h (84 mph). It comprises a 3.0-liter

BMW

BMW Plug-in Plug Hybrid

Allison endorses Odyne Hybrid System for Allison 3000 and 4000 Series transmissions

Green Car Congress

APRIL 10, 2014

The Odyne hybrid power system combines reliable electric power conversion, power control and energy storage technology. Energy is captured using Remy advanced electric propulsion motors, Johnson Controls lithium-ion battery technology, and other components. In 2013, Odyne Systems was selected to participate in a $45.4-million

Hybrid

Hybrid Lithium Ion North America Plug-in

BMW introducing new X5 plug-in hybrid in Europe in 2019, US in 2020

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 7, 2018

The new x5 plug-in hybrid combines a model-specific in-line 6-cylinder gasoline engine featuring BMW TwinPower Turbo Technology with the latest BMW eDrive technology. The top speed when driving on electric power alone is increased from 120 to 140 km/h (75 mph to 87 mph). It comprises a 3.0-liter

Plug-in

Plug-in BMW 2020 2019

SEAT launches all-new Leon; gasoline, diesel, CNG, mild-hybrid, plug-in hybrid; €1.1B investment

SEAT large SUV Tarraco e-HYBRID PHEV enters production

Volvo to unveil XC60 gasoline-electric Plug-in Hybrid Concept at Detroit show; system targeted for US and China markets

New Nissan Qashqai in Europe to offer 12V MHEV and upgraded e-POWER powertrains

DOE to award up to $133M for advanced vehicle technologies research

Ford to launch new generation of Mondeo hybrid models in 2019; first Mondeo hybrid wagon

DOE announces $139M in funding for 55 projects to advance innovative vehicle technologies

Extinguishing the EV Battery Fire Hype

Toyota launches new RAV4 PHEV in Japan

Ford to show production version of new Transit PHEV and 48V mHEV version

Ford introducing 48V mild-hybrid Fiesta and Focus in Europe

Hyundai reveals redesigned 2022 Kona and Kona Electric SUVs

Mercedes-Benz bringing series of 3rd-generation plug-in hybrids to market; EQ Power, gasoline or diesel; C-, E- and S-Class

2019 Honda Insight production model to make global debut at New York International Auto Show; series hybrid with 55 mpg city

New BMW 3 Series Touring to offer PHEV version; XtraBoost mode

MINI Cooper SE EV making show debut at IAA; MINI boosts electric range of Countryman PHEV up to 35 miles

BMW launches plug-in hybrid variant of X3; updates to other PHEVs

Mercedes-Benz introducing diesel E 300 BlueTEC HYBRID with fuel economy of 56 mpg US; gasoline-engined E 400 HYBRID model to follow

DS brand accelerating development of electric cars

Updated Audi Q7 SUV has 48V MHEV as standard, new PHEV option

Opel presents PHEV version of Grandland X SUV

New Gen 8 Volkswagen Golf offers five hybrid versions from 48V MHEV to PHEV

Ford extends Transit Plug-In Hybrid Van trial to Cologne

Volkswagen introduces new Coasting 2.0 micro hybrid system and new natural gas engine at Vienna Motor Symposium

DOE issues Notice of Intent for 2020 advanced vehicle technology research

Mercedes-Benz B-Class Electric Drive priced at $41,450 for US; 85-mile range

Plug-in hybrid model now tops the Porsche Cayenne range

Jaguar Land Rover introduces plug-in hybrid model to Range Rover Sport line-up: the P400e

Road Test: Ford 2023 Escape PHEV

Schaeffler preparing 48V mild hybrid Audi TT for road testing

Ford begins production of 2012 Focus Electric at Michigan Assembly, C-MAX models on deck

Hyundai introduces enhanced IONIQ in Europe; BEV gets 38.3 kWh pack

Audi’s mild-hybrid systems: 12V for 4-cylinders, 48V for 6- and 8-cylinders

Ford launching major new product push in Europe; fuel economy and 1.0L EcoBoost engine; first Ford full hybrid car for Europe

Chevrolet and OnStar Give Volt Owners 24/7 Connection and Control via Wireless Smartphone Application

Volkswagen unveils 5-seat Atlas Cross Sport Concept plug-in hybrid with 26-mile AER; mild hybrid option

Ford reveals production version of Transit Custom PHEV at IAA Commercial Vehicles

Ford Selects Compact Power to Supply Li-ion Battery Pack for Ford Focus Electric On Sale in US in 2011

Fisker unveils the Atlantic design prototype in New York; second-generation EVer powertrain

2020 Ford Escape to offer hybrid and PHEV variants

Audi gives S5 models their first diesel and 48V MHEV systems; performance and efficiency

Market launch of BMW X5 xDrive45e plug-in hybrid

Allison endorses Odyne Hybrid System for Allison 3000 and 4000 Series transmissions

BMW introducing new X5 plug-in hybrid in Europe in 2019, US in 2020

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