Comparison Gasoline Ozone Study 
Green Car Congress
MARCH 16, 2012
Environmental impacts of gasoline and E85. eutrophication; ET = ecological toxicity; FEC = fossil energy consumption; WU = water use; LO = land occupation; “The rest” includes acidification; smog formation; ozone layer depletion; and human health effects. Error bar shows regional variations for E85. GW = global warming; Eut.
Green Car Congress
JULY 11, 2013
Renault’s comparison of the carbon footprint of EV and ICE vehicles over production, operation and end of life. The study used the series production versions launched in 2011, with the assumption of operation for 150,000 km (93,205 miles). dCi); gasoline Fluence 16V (1.6L); and the battery-electric Fluence Z.E. (22 dCi (66 kW).
Green Car Congress
AUGUST 9, 2012
In California’s Los Angeles Basin, levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) pollutants have decreased by about 98% since the 1960s, even as area residents now burn approximately three times as much gasoline and diesel fuel. This indicates that the main VOC source in the LA basin is likely gasoline vehicle emission.
Green Car Congress
MAY 17, 2020
Deterioration of the ozone layer [kg CFC-11-eq.]. A recent PSI study led by environmental scientist Christian Bauer found that a battery electric car is already the most environmentally friendly option in Switzerland and many other countries, even when the manufacture of the battery is figured in. —Romain Sacchi.
Green Car Congress
DECEMBER 23, 2013
A team at Ford Motor Company’s Research and Innovation Center in Dearborn conducted a detailed study of the effect of ethanol blend level in emissions, using a 2006 model Mercury Grand Marquis flexible fuel vehicle (FFV) operating on E0, E10, E20, E30, E40, E55, and E80 on a chassis dynamometer.
Green Car Congress
MAY 29, 2014
In the Tianjin study, they team fueled a four-cylinder light-duty diesel engine fueled with CFT and DF, identifying 13 individual carbonyl compounds in the exhaust. However, the use of CFT resulted in a remarkable reduction in carbonyl emissions in comparison with using DF. Jakober, 2008). reduction in total carbonyls and a 6.0–100%
Green Car Congress
AUGUST 30, 2009
In 1975, General Ernesto Geisel, then-president of Brazil, ordered the country’s gasoline supply mixed with 10% ethanol. The level was raised to 25% over the next five years, which was intended to maintain a constant Brazilian gasoline supply for an ever-increasing demand. These were arguably the first flex-fuel vehicles.
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