Green Car Congress

APRIL 30, 2016

The study was commissioned by a coalition of fuel suppliers and automotive companies with a view to identifying a roadmap to 2030+ to identify GHG abatement options at the lowest cost to society. GHG abatement in road transport sector will cost approx. 150-200 (US$172-229) per ton of CO 2 e avoided. 34 Mton CO 2 e (WTW).

Transportation 150

Transportation Emissions Fuel Vehicles 150

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 5, 2012

Energy consumption by LDVs (including commercial light trucks) declines in the Reference case, from 16.1 Biofuels grow at a slower rate due to lower crude oil prices and. US energy-related carbon dioxide emissions remain more than 5% below their 2005 level through 2040, reflecting increased. quadrillion Btu in 2011 to 14.0

Fuel 225

Fuel Energy Sale 2013 225

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 23, 2012

EIA added a premium to the capital cost of CO 2 -intensive technologies to reflect current market behavior regarding possible future policies to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. Total US energy-related CO 2 emissions remain below their 2005 level through 2035. It does not assume any revolutionary or breakthrough technologies.

Oil 210

Oil 2005 Production 2010 210

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 22, 2015

This steady increase in seats available per flight result in increased fuel efficiency but at the cost of reduced passenger comfort and access to flights (fewer airports served and/or longer wait times between flights). Commercial aircraft accounted for 11% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the US transportation sector in 2013.

Alaska 150

Alaska Fuel 2014 2013 150

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 4, 2011

In 2005, Congress enacted the Renewable Fuel Standard as part of the Energy Policy Act (EPAct) and amended it in the 2007 Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA). Currently, no commercially viable biorefineries exist for converting cellulosic biomass to fuel.

Renewable 252

Renewable Tax Credit Conversion Standards 252

Green Car Congress

APRIL 12, 2012

The EU has also made a commitment to reduce emissions in sectors outside the EU ETS, including transportation, by 10% on year-2005 levels by 2020. Adoption of new technologies is small because of R&D limitations and the high costs associated with some available technologies. This step was iterated with an estimation of demand changes.

Transportation 199

Transportation Europe Climate Change Emissions 199

Green Car Congress

JULY 19, 2012

Building on LCFS policies already adopted in Europe, British Columbia, and California, the researchers looked at potential costs and benefits of reducing the carbon intensity of transportation fuels by 10 to 15 percent by 2030. All of this helps achieve LCFS targets in the most cost-effective manner.

Carbon 247

Carbon Oil-Sands Standards Design 247