Green Car Congress

JANUARY 6, 2010

According to the Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association (JAMA), as of 2008, Japan had about 600,000 “next-generation” vehicles—including hybrids and electric vehicles—in service, representing 0.8% Technical challenges facing EVs. Source: JAMA. Click to enlarge. of Japan’s total fleet.

Japan 225

Japan Plug-in Plug 2020 225

Green Car Congress

NOVEMBER 19, 2010

This total amount includes additions to capitalized development costs of €10.3 The Volkswagen Group is one of the world’s leading automobile manufacturers and the largest carmaker in Europe. In 2009, the Group increased the number of vehicles delivered to customers to 6.336 million (2008: 6.257 million), corresponding to a 11.3%

Future 199

Future Bentley 2011 North America 199

Green Car Congress

JUNE 19, 2009

Fuel cell system durability has improved and costs have been reduced through R&D, the ARB staff noted. In volume production, FCVs are expected to be cost competitive with other advanced vehicles, and are approaching the cost of advanced hybrid system even with current designs and high costs of materials. Source: DOE.

Hydrogen 150

Hydrogen Fuel California Vehicles 150

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 20, 2012

Average fuel economy and new vehicles registrations, 2005 and 2008. Even though most of the key fuel economy technologies are available today, additional breakthroughs and cost reductions would help, including lighter materials, advanced combustion systems and better lubricants. Source: Technology roadmap. Click to enlarge.

Fuel Economy 236

Fuel Economy Fuel Transportation Engine 236

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 1, 2010

The technology pathways are intended to show the different cost impacts of achieving different levels of stringency, if the industry were to place more or less emphasis on hybrids, plug-in hybrids, and electric vehicles as compared to advanced gasoline technologies and vehicle mass reduction. —Notice of Upcoming Joint Rulemaking.

Fuel Economy 199

Fuel Economy EPA 2017 Economy 199

Green Car Congress

JULY 1, 2009

In addition, automobile manufacturers are using other technologies to further decrease consumption and emissions. Depending on the design of the electric vehicle—how heavy it is, for example—and depending on how the lithium-ion battery develops, the cost of the battery may be slightly lower, at around 8,000 euros. Source: Bosch.

Engine 150

Engine Li-ion Lithium Ion Gasoline-Electric 150

Green Car Congress

MAY 17, 2012

The Sustaining Members of CRC are the American Petroleum Institute (API) and a group of automobile manufacturer members (Chrysler, Ford, General Motors, Honda, Mitsubishi, Nissan, Toyota, and Volkswagen). While extended light-load operation is an option, it greatly increases the duration, sample size, and cost of test programs.

2001 199

2001 2009 Engine Industrial 199