Green Car Congress

APRIL 30, 2016

The study was commissioned by a coalition of fuel suppliers and automotive companies with a view to identifying a roadmap to 2030+ to identify GHG abatement options at the lowest cost to society. GHG abatement in road transport sector will cost approx. 150-200 (US$172-229) per ton of CO 2 e avoided. 34 Mton CO 2 e (WTW).

Emissions 150

Emissions Transportation Fuel Vehicles 150

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 5, 2012

quadrillion Btu in 2035, as a result of fuel economy improvements achieved through stock turnover as older, less efficient vehicles are replaced by newer, more fuel-efficient vehicles. Beyond 2035, LDV energy demand begins to level off as increases in travel demand begin to exceed fuel economy improvements in the vehicle stock.

Fuel 225

Fuel Energy Sale 2013 225

Green Car Congress

APRIL 14, 2015

AEO2015 presents updated projections for US energy markets through 2040 based on six cases (Reference, Low and High Economic Growth, Low and High Oil Price, and High Oil and Gas Resource) that reflect updated scenarios for future crude oil prices. trillion cubic feet (Tcf) in the Low Oil Price case to 13.1

2020 150

2020 Energy Transportation Oil Prices 150

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 3, 2010

It discriminates both on its face, and as applied, against transportation fuels and fuel feedstocks imported from outside of California with the intended effect of (i) promoting in-state production of transportation fuels, and (ii) “keep[ing] consumer dollars local by reducing the need to make fuel purchases from beyond [California’s] borders.”.

California 199

California Oil-Sands Oil 2005 199

Green Car Congress

APRIL 12, 2012

The EU has also made a commitment to reduce emissions in sectors outside the EU ETS, including transportation, by 10% on year-2005 levels by 2020. Adoption of new technologies is small because of R&D limitations and the high costs associated with some available technologies. This step was iterated with an estimation of demand changes.

Transportation 199

Transportation Europe Climate Change Emissions 199

Green Car Congress

JULY 19, 2012

Building on LCFS policies already adopted in Europe, British Columbia, and California, the researchers looked at potential costs and benefits of reducing the carbon intensity of transportation fuels by 10 to 15 percent by 2030. All of this helps achieve LCFS targets in the most cost-effective manner.

Carbon 247

Carbon Oil-Sands Standards Design 247