Green Car Congress

MARCH 10, 2013

Benson from Stanford University and Stanford’s Global Climate and Energy Project (GCEP) has quantified the energetic costs of 7 different grid-scale energy storage technologies over time. We find that annual material resource production places tight limits on Li-ion, VRB and PHS development and loose limits on NaS and CAES.

Energy Storage 304

Energy Storage Grid Cost Of Energy 304

Green Car Congress

MAY 28, 2014

Overview of the three vehicle classes identified in the study, and their corresponding battery technologies. Their low cost and ability to start the engine at cold temperatures sets them apart in conventional and basic micro-hybrid vehicles, and as auxiliary batteries in all other automotive applications, according to the report.

Lead Acid 304

Lead Acid Nickel Metal Hydride Energy Storage Lithium Ion 304

Green Car Congress

MAY 5, 2016

A new study by a team from Carnegie Mellon University’s College of Engineering has found that even large increases in lithium prices are unlikely to increase significantly the cost of batteries or battery packs for end users such as vehicle manufactures or consumers—although some manufacturers may see reduced profit margins.

Li-ion 150

Li-ion Lithium Ion Price Market 150

Green Car Congress

MARCH 15, 2011

published in the ACS journal Chemical Reviews , reviews in detail four stationary storage systems considered the most promising candidates for electrochemical energy storage: vanadium redox flow; sodium-beta alumina membrane; lithium-ion; and lead-carbon batteries. Single-cell and tubular design of a Na-beta battery.

Li-ion 231

Li-ion Energy Storage Grid Carbon 231