Coal, Mercury and Oil-Sands

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Oil-Sands

Study finds heavy-petroleum fuels raising vanadium emissions; human emissions outpacing natural sources by factor of 1.7

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 16, 2017

and are destined to rise significantly with the use of heavy oils, tar sands, and bitumen as combustion sources. Vanadium is a trace metal found in many earth materials, including petroleum and coal. Human emissions of vanadium to atmosphere now exceed natural sources by a factor of 1.7 —lead author William H.

Oil-Sands

Oil-Sands Emissions Mercury Fuel

National Academies Report Examines Hidden Cost of Energy Production and Use in US; Estimates $120B in 2005

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 22, 2009

A new report from the National Research Council examines and, when possible, estimates, “hidden” costs of energy production and use—such as the damage air pollution imposes on human health—that are not reflected in market prices of coal, oil, other energy sources, or the electricity and gasoline produced from them.

2005

2005 Cost Of Energy Coal

EV Driven

Study finds heavy-petroleum fuels raising vanadium emissions; human emissions outpacing natural sources by factor of 1.7

National Academies Report Examines Hidden Cost of Energy Production and Use in US; Estimates $120B in 2005

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