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Industry study finds lead-acid to remain most wide-spread automotive energy storage for foreseeable future; new chemistries continue to grow

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Overview of the three vehicle classes identified in the study, and their corresponding battery technologies. Advanced lead-based batteries (AGM and EFB technologies) are installed to meet extra requirements in start-stop and basic- micro-hybrid vehicles, due to their increased charge recoverability and higher deep-cycle resistance.

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PNNL study outlines requirements for grid storage, reviews four electrochemical energy storage systems: vanadium redox flow, Na-beta, Li-ion and lead-carbon

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To be successful, systems will need to evolve—in some cases, considerably—to compete financially with the cost of natural gas production. electricity) to hybrid and electrical vehicles, although the cost of implementing EES is of great concern. Among the most important factors are capital cost and life-cycle cost.

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