Green Car Congress

MAY 28, 2014

Advanced lead-based batteries (AGM and EFB technologies) are installed to meet extra requirements in start-stop and basic- micro-hybrid vehicles, due to their increased charge recoverability and higher deep-cycle resistance. In full-hybrid vehicles, the stored energy is also used for a certain range of electric driving.

Lead Acid 304

Lead Acid Nickel Metal Hydride Energy Storage Lithium Ion 304

Green Car Congress

MARCH 15, 2011

In comparison, energy management, such as load shifting, requires systems of up to MWh or even GWh levels that are capable of discharge durations up to a few hours or more at designated power. This type of application requires high round-trip energy efficiency and a long deep-cycle life, along with low operation and maintenance costs.

Li-ion 231

Li-ion Energy Storage Grid Carbon 231

Green Car Congress

JUNE 25, 2012

In April, Axion Power International Inc received an order from Norfolk Southern Corp (NS) for PbC lead-carbon batteries for use in an all-battery-powered switcher locomotive. Sustain 80-85% round trip efficiency in PSOC applications; 90-95% in deep cycle applications. Source: NS. Click to enlarge.

Lead Acid 225

Lead Acid Hybrid Batteries Battery 225