Green Car Congress

JULY 17, 2013

Schematic comparing the cost and dispatchability of PV to CSP with thermal storage. The “PV+Storage” box includes the high cost of electrical storage for PV. The FOCUS Program target zone for electricity generation is indicated. Source: ARPA-E. Click to enlarge. Source: ARPA-E. Click to enlarge.

Solar 290

Solar Conversion Convert F-150 290

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 22, 2009

Scott Peterson, Jay Apt, and Jay Whitacre found that the percent capacity lost in the cells (they used A123Systems 26650 M1 cells, which are used in the Hymotion PHEV conversion packs) per normalized Wh or Ah processed is quite low: -6.0x10 -3 % for driving support and -2.70x10 -3 % for V2G support. Peterson et al. CEIC-09-02). CEIC-09-03).

PHEV 265

PHEV Li-ion Grid Lithium Ion 265

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 20, 2009

However, in a companion paper assessing the economics of V2G for consumers, they also concluded that the maximum annual profit for a PHEV owner to engage in V2G (~$10-$120) would likely prove insufficient to encourage use of the battery pack for grid electricity storage and later off-vehicle use. Peterson et al. CEIC-09-02).

PHEV 186

PHEV Li-ion Grid Lithium Ion 186

Green Car Congress

MARCH 15, 2011

Classification of potential electrical storage for stationary applications. However, the authors note, to date EES (almost exclusively pumped hydroelectric storage) contributes to only about 2% of the installed generation capacity in the United States. Credit: ACS, Yang et al. Click to enlarge. Credit: ACS, Yang et al.

Li-ion 231

Li-ion Energy Storage Grid Carbon 231