Comparison Fuel Economy Gasoline Ozone 
Green Car Congress
MAY 12, 2017
A new study quantifying emissions from a fleet of gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines and port fuel injection (PFI) engines finds that the measured decrease in CO 2 emissions from GDIs is much greater than the potential climate forcing associated with higher black carbon emissions from GDI engines. —Saliba et al.
Green Car Congress
AUGUST 30, 2009
In 1975, General Ernesto Geisel, then-president of Brazil, ordered the country’s gasoline supply mixed with 10% ethanol. The level was raised to 25% over the next five years, which was intended to maintain a constant Brazilian gasoline supply for an ever-increasing demand. These were arguably the first flex-fuel vehicles.
Green Car Congress
DECEMBER 23, 2013
Comparing these data allows for differentiation between fuel chemistry and engine calibration effects—the two general mechanisms by which increased ethanol content in fuel affects the emissions. via the unburned or partially burned fuel which is a major component of engine exhaust. Emissions Engines Ethanol Fuels'
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