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Univ of Toronto study details impacts of interaction between driving patterns and electricity generation for WTW energy use and GHG emissions for PHEVs

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For the study, they developed well-to-wheel models to investigate energy use and GHG emissions of a PHEV, HEV (hybrid electric vehicle), and conventional internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV). C1 is shorter than C2, which is shorter than C3). For the hydroelectric scenario, fossil energy use is 81% lower for C1 than for HWY2.

PHEV 210
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GM provides technical details of the Gen 2 Voltec propulsion system used in the 2016 Volt

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Clutches are OWC1, C1 and B1. Coolant passages and chambers with internal fins are usually formed from multiple pieces and joints to keep costs down; these joints need to be strong to handle the pressures and vibrations in a vehicle, and to be leak-proof to eliminate the risk of leakage inside a high-power electrical enclosure.

Volt 150