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Stanford study quantifies energetic costs of grid-scale energy storage over time; current batteries the worst performers; the need to improve cycle life by 3-10x

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Using a new metric—“Energy Stored on Invested, ESOI”—they concluded that batteries were the worst performers, while compressed air energy storage (CAES) performed the best, followed by pumped hydro storage (PHS). The five battery technologies fared much worse. PHS followed at 210.

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Pike Research forecasts worldwide grid energy storage spending to reach $22B by 2021, down from 2010 forecast of $35B

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Energy storage technologies represent an alternative to traditional grid management using generation assets such as natural gas peakers to balance the grid by adding power to it. Balancing Li-ion capacity with market opportunities. Commenting on recent reports of Li-ion overcapacity (e.g. 2010 vs 2011 forecasts.

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PNNL study outlines requirements for grid storage, reviews four electrochemical energy storage systems: vanadium redox flow, Na-beta, Li-ion and lead-carbon

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published in the ACS journal Chemical Reviews , reviews in detail four stationary storage systems considered the most promising candidates for electrochemical energy storage: vanadium redox flow; sodium-beta alumina membrane; lithium-ion; and lead-carbon batteries. Single-cell and tubular design of a Na-beta battery.

Li-ion 231
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PNNL team develops sodium-manganese oxide electrodes for sodium-ion rechargeable batteries

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low-cost Na-ion battery system for upcoming power and energy. low-cost Na-ion battery system for upcoming power and energy. Lithium-ion rechargeable batteries perform well, but are too expensive for widespread use on the grid. Sodium-ion batteries have been discussed in the literature.

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