Green Car Congress

MARCH 17, 2012

An analysis of the US refining sector, based on linear programming (LP) modeling, finds that refining plausibly high volumes of Canadian oil sands crudes in US refineries in 2025 would lead to a modest increase in refinery CO 2 emissions (ranging between 5.4% to 9.3%) from a 2010 baseline, depending upon the supply scenario.

Oil-Sands 247

Oil-Sands Oil Emissions CO2 247

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 26, 2011

Comparison of the percent differential for WTW (well-to-wheel) GHGs from gasoline produced from WCSB oil sands using different production processes relative to gasoline produced from reference crudes. The proposed Project is not likely to impact the amount of crude oil produced from the oil sands.

Oil-Sands 253

Oil-Sands Emissions Oil Oklahoma 253

Green Car Congress

JUNE 20, 2012

From a cost perspective, the potential of alternative fuels is of limited, if any value, according to the lead report written by James Bartis, a RAND senior policy researcher. Pending a major technical breakthrough, renewable jet and marine fuels will continue to be far more expensive than petroleum-based fuels, Bartis said.

Price 225

Price Oil-Sands Turkey Fuel 225

Green Car Congress

MARCH 19, 2014

The architecture is also designed to support hybrid propulsion systems and alternative fuels. Shenyang, China; Szentgotthárd, Hungary; Toluca, Mexico; and Changwon, South Korea. The new Ecotec engines are calibrated to run on regular unleaded gas—even the high-output turbo variants. Primary development of the 1.0L

Engine 261

Engine GM Oil-Sands Oil 261

Green Car Congress

APRIL 13, 2009

Direct injection and flex fuels require a more robust valvetrain system due to the increased friction, higher thermal loads, increased oxidation and reduced lubrication associated with alternate fuels that do not contain some of the natural lubricants found in gasoline. Piston head and oil cooling jet. Click to enlarge.

Gasoline 170

Gasoline Engine Oil-Sands Saturn 170