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JRC study finds 8 metals for low-carbon energy technologies at risk of shortages; EVs, wind and solar, and lighting the applications of most concern

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The applications, i.e. technologies, of particular concern as a result are electric vehicles, wind and solar energy, and lighting. Research into the implications for raw materials of continued improvements of internal combustion engines, including advanced lead acid batteries and catalytic convertors.

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PNNL study outlines requirements for grid storage, reviews four electrochemical energy storage systems: vanadium redox flow, Na-beta, Li-ion and lead-carbon

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Classification of potential electrical storage for stationary applications. To smooth out the intermittency of renewable energy production, low-cost electrical energy storage (EES) will become necessary. The most commonly used systems today work by converting electricity to kinetic (e.g.,

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