Study finds heavy-petroleum fuels raising vanadium emissions; human emissions outpacing natural sources by factor of 1.7
Green Car Congress
DECEMBER 16, 2017
and are destined to rise significantly with the use of heavy oils, tar sands, and bitumen as combustion sources. Vanadium is a trace metal found in many earth materials, including petroleum and coal. Human emissions of vanadium to atmosphere now exceed natural sources by a factor of 1.7 —lead author William H.
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