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Industry study finds lead-acid to remain most wide-spread automotive energy storage for foreseeable future; new chemistries continue to grow

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Their low cost and ability to start the engine at cold temperatures sets them apart in conventional and basic micro-hybrid vehicles, and as auxiliary batteries in all other automotive applications, according to the report. Other battery technologies (nickel-metal hydride, lead-based etc.) Sodium-nickel chloride batteries.

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PNNL study outlines requirements for grid storage, reviews four electrochemical energy storage systems: vanadium redox flow, Na-beta, Li-ion and lead-carbon

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However, while a number of potential technologies for EES exist, and some have been applied or demonstrated, they face either challenges in meeting the performance and economic matrix for the stationary applications, or limits in environment, site selection, and so on, Yang et al. 15 years) and a long cycle life (e.g.,

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