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JRC study finds 8 metals for low-carbon energy technologies at risk of shortages; EVs, wind and solar, and lighting the applications of most concern

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The applications, i.e. technologies, of particular concern as a result are electric vehicles, wind and solar energy, and lighting. For hybrid and electric vehicles, this highlighted the sensitivity of the results to widely different demand forecasts.

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PNNL study outlines requirements for grid storage, reviews four electrochemical energy storage systems: vanadium redox flow, Na-beta, Li-ion and lead-carbon

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Classification of potential electrical storage for stationary applications. And besides technical improvements, the systems will need to be built to last, using materials that are safe and durable so that batteries could operate more than 15 years and require very little maintenance over their lifetime. The need for storage.

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