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Industry study finds lead-acid to remain most wide-spread automotive energy storage for foreseeable future; new chemistries continue to grow

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In order to optimise fuel efficiency improvements in each vehicle type, automobile manufacturers need the flexibility to choose the most appropriate batteries from a technical and economic perspective. In these applications, they are currently the only technology available for the mass-market. Resources.

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PNNL study outlines requirements for grid storage, reviews four electrochemical energy storage systems: vanadium redox flow, Na-beta, Li-ion and lead-carbon

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However, while a number of potential technologies for EES exist, and some have been applied or demonstrated, they face either challenges in meeting the performance and economic matrix for the stationary applications, or limits in environment, site selection, and so on, Yang et al. 15 years) and a long cycle life (e.g.,

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