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PNNL study outlines requirements for grid storage, reviews four electrochemical energy storage systems: vanadium redox flow, Na-beta, Li-ion and lead-carbon

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Classification of potential electrical storage for stationary applications. High discharge rates or high current densities are important, although the state-of-charge (SOC) of the storage system typically will not move over a wide range. Among the most important factors are capital cost and life-cycle cost.

Li-ion 231