Green Car Congress

NOVEMBER 24, 2011

Short-term transients, including those related to wind and solar sources, present challenges to the electrical grid. Stationary energy storage systems that can operate for many cycles, at high power, with high round-trip energy efficiency, and at low cost are required. C, two-thirds of its maximum discharge capacity is observed.

Low Cost 304

Low Cost Grid Power Powered 304

Green Car Congress

MARCH 10, 2013

Using a new metric—“Energy Stored on Invested, ESOI”—they concluded that batteries were the worst performers, while compressed air energy storage (CAES) performed the best, followed by pumped hydro storage (PHS). Their results are published in the RSC journal Energy & Environmental Science.

Energy Storage 304

Energy Storage Grid Cost Of Energy 304

Green Car Congress

MARCH 15, 2011

published in the ACS journal Chemical Reviews , reviews in detail four stationary storage systems considered the most promising candidates for electrochemical energy storage: vanadium redox flow; sodium-beta alumina membrane; lithium-ion; and lead-carbon batteries. Single-cell and tubular design of a Na-beta battery.

Li-ion 231

Li-ion Energy Storage Grid Carbon 231