Remove Battery Powered Remove Deep Cycle Remove Grid Remove Sodium
article thumbnail

PNNL study outlines requirements for grid storage, reviews four electrochemical energy storage systems: vanadium redox flow, Na-beta, Li-ion and lead-carbon

Green Car Congress

published in the ACS journal Chemical Reviews , reviews in detail four stationary storage systems considered the most promising candidates for electrochemical energy storage: vanadium redox flow; sodium-beta alumina membrane; lithium-ion; and lead-carbon batteries. Among the most important factors are capital cost and life-cycle cost.

Li-ion 231