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PNNL study outlines requirements for grid storage, reviews four electrochemical energy storage systems: vanadium redox flow, Na-beta, Li-ion and lead-carbon

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The future grid will face significant challenges by providing clean power from intermittent resources to a much more dynamic load. To smooth out the intermittency of renewable energy production, low-cost electrical energy storage (EES) will become necessary. Among the most important factors are capital cost and life-cycle cost.

Li-ion 231
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Axion supplying PbC batteries to Norfolk Southern for all-battery switcher and working on line-haul hybrid locomotives; micro-hybrid and stationary expansion

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In April, Axion Power International Inc received an order from Norfolk Southern Corp (NS) for PbC lead-carbon batteries for use in an all-battery-powered switcher locomotive. Sustain 80-85% round trip efficiency in PSOC applications; 90-95% in deep cycle applications. Source: NS. Click to enlarge.

Lead Acid 225
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Ioxus Developing Higher Power Density Ultracapacitors

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The company has already designed an integrated ultracapacitor module to provide regenerative power assistance in retrofitting lead-acid battery powered forklifts. The use of the module also prevents the battery from deep cycling, extending the life of the battery. Tags: Batteries.

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