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Industry study finds lead-acid to remain most wide-spread automotive energy storage for foreseeable future; new chemistries continue to grow

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Their low cost and ability to start the engine at cold temperatures sets them apart in conventional and basic micro-hybrid vehicles, and as auxiliary batteries in all other automotive applications, according to the report. This is expected to be the situation for the foreseeable future, according to the report.

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PNNL study outlines requirements for grid storage, reviews four electrochemical energy storage systems: vanadium redox flow, Na-beta, Li-ion and lead-carbon

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However, the authors note, to date EES (almost exclusively pumped hydroelectric storage) contributes to only about 2% of the installed generation capacity in the United States. To smooth out the intermittency of renewable energy production, low-cost electrical energy storage (EES) will become necessary. Lead-carbon battery.

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