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U Calgary study finds oil shale most energy intensive upgraded fuel followed by in-situ-produced bitumen from oil sands

Green Car Congress

Unconventional oil production received a boost recently especially in North and South America with the significant increases in production from oil sands in Canada, tight oil and oil shale in the US, and growth projections of extra heavy oil in Venezuela. … The team established a NER range of 2.7-7.3

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State Department releases final environmental impact statement on Keystone XL Pipeline Project; analysis of GHG emissions

Green Car Congress

This range is equivalent to annual greenhouse gas emissions from the combustion of fuels in 588,000 to 4,061,000 passenger vehicles. Oil sands comprise clay, sand, water, and bitumen. Dilbit is also processed to remove sand, water, and other impurities. In 2009, Gulf Coast refineries imported approximately 5.1

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