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PNNL study outlines requirements for grid storage, reviews four electrochemical energy storage systems: vanadium redox flow, Na-beta, Li-ion and lead-carbon

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note the potential of each technology and explain what advances must occur with each if they’re ultimately to be deployed. High discharge rates or high current densities are important, although the state-of-charge (SOC) of the storage system typically will not move over a wide range. 15 years) and a long cycle life (e.g.,

Li-ion 231