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Major study concludes achieving EU 2050 transport decarbonization goals will require portfolio of advanced powertrains; fuel cells, battery-electric and plug-in hybrids

Green Car Congress

Car manufacturers: BMW AG, Daimler AG, Ford, General Motors LLC, Honda R&D, Hyundai Motor Company, Kia Motors Corporation, Nissan, Renault, Toyota Motor Corporation, Volkswagen. The TCOs of all four powertrains is expected to converge after 2025—or earlier, with tax exemptions and/or incentives during the ramp-up phase.

Plug-in 244