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PNNL study outlines requirements for grid storage, reviews four electrochemical energy storage systems: vanadium redox flow, Na-beta, Li-ion and lead-carbon

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note the potential of each technology and explain what advances must occur with each if they’re ultimately to be deployed. To smooth out the intermittency of renewable energy production, low-cost electrical energy storage (EES) will become necessary. 15 years) and a long cycle life (e.g., Click to enlarge.

Li-ion 231