PNNL study outlines requirements for grid storage, reviews four electrochemical energy storage systems: vanadium redox flow, Na-beta, Li-ion and lead-carbon
Green Car Congress
MARCH 15, 2011
However, the authors note, to date EES (almost exclusively pumped hydroelectric storage) contributes to only about 2% of the installed generation capacity in the United States. This type of application requires high round-trip energy efficiency and a long deep-cycle life, along with low operation and maintenance costs.
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