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PNNL study outlines requirements for grid storage, reviews four electrochemical energy storage systems: vanadium redox flow, Na-beta, Li-ion and lead-carbon

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Classification of potential electrical storage for stationary applications. electricity) to hybrid and electrical vehicles, although the cost of implementing EES is of great concern. These can vary based on the application market. Credit: ACS, Yang et al. Click to enlarge. In their study, Yang et al.

Li-ion 231