Researchers describe the “where” and “when” of life cycle emissions from gasoline and ethanol in the US
Green Car Congress
OCTOBER 11, 2012
60% of ground-level ozone (O 3 ) precursors, 6% of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ), and 22% of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emitted. not reformulated) gasoline; and (4) crude oil production is 100% conventional crude (most oil sands production occurs outside of our spatial modeling domain—i.e., the contiguous US).
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