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PNNL study outlines requirements for grid storage, reviews four electrochemical energy storage systems: vanadium redox flow, Na-beta, Li-ion and lead-carbon

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Classification of potential electrical storage for stationary applications. electricity) to hybrid and electrical vehicles, although the cost of implementing EES is of great concern. The anode is metallic sodium in a molten state during battery operation. Credit: ACS, Yang et al. Click to enlarge.

Li-ion 231