Carbon, Comparison, Gas-Electric and Water

Berkeley researchers propose salted biomass as scalable, economical and stable carbon capture and storage solution

Green Car Congress

MAY 7, 2023

Researchers from the University of California, Berkeley, are proposing burying salted biomass in a dry environment within an engineered biolandfill as a solution to sequester carbon that has been photosynthetically fixed by cultivated plants. This is measured by “water activity,” a quantity similar to relative humidity. In 1 y, PNAS.

Carbon

Carbon Climate Water Gas-Electric

SGL Carbon produces prototypes of fully integrated composite battery enclosures for NIO; battery swapping

Green Car Congress

MAY 14, 2019

In collaboration with SGL Carbon, Chinese automotive manufacturer NIO has developed prototypes for battery enclosures made of carbon-fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) for its NIO high performance electric vehicles. Commercial battery enclosures for electric vehicles are mainly made of aluminum and steel.

Carbon Fiber

Carbon Fiber Carbon Batteries Battery

Sandia team puts power into local grid with supercritical CO2 closed-loop Brayton-cycle turbine

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 22, 2022

Sandia National Laboratories researchers recently delivered electricity produced by a new power-generating system to the Sandia-Kirtland Air Force Base electrical grid. The system uses heated supercritical carbon dioxide instead of steam to generate electricity and is based on a closed-loop Brayton cycle.

Grid

Grid Power Powered CO2

Siemens Energy secures 50 MW electrolyzer order from European Energy for first large-scale eMethanol project

Green Car Congress

MARCH 3, 2022

Through the nearby 300 MW solar park of Kassø, developed by European Energy, the project will have access to the low-cost renewable electricity needed to produce cost-effective e-Fuel. For comparison: This is more than five times the total electricity consumption of Germany.

Energy

Energy Denmark Gas-Electric Fuel

Honda to advance fuel cell system as core of its hydrogen business; expansion to other areas; new FCEV in 2024

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 2, 2023

With the next-generation fuel cell system being co-developed with General Motors (GM), Honda will aim to more than double the durability and reduce the cost to one-third, in comparison to the fuel cell system installed in the 2019 Honda Clarity Fuel Cell. Construction machinery.

Honda

Honda Hydrogen Fuel North America

Geely invests in Carbon Recycling Intl.; vehicles fueled by methanol from CO2, water and renewable energy

Green Car Congress

JULY 8, 2015

million in Carbon Recycling International (CRI). Geely’s CRI investment and work with renewable methanol is similar to the approach Audi is taking with its own e-fuels projects—producing very low carbon liquid or gaseous fuels using only renewable energy, water and CO 2. Earlier post.). Earlier post.) —Wang et al.

Renewable

Renewable Carbon Water Fuel

U Toronto and Fujitsu team use quantum-inspired computing to discover improved catalyst for hydrogen production

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 18, 2022

Scaling up the production of what we call green hydrogen is a priority for researchers around the world because it offers a carbon-free way to store electricity from any source. Nearly all commercial hydrogen is produced from natural gas. —Ted Sargent, senior author.

Hydrogen

Hydrogen Production Store Design

SRI developing process for co-gasification of methane and coal to produce liquid transportation fuels; negligible water consumption, no CO2

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 20, 2011

Researchers from SRI International (SRI) are developing a methane-and-coal-to-liquids process that consumes negligible amounts of water and does not generate carbon dioxide. If biogas is substituted for conventional natural gas, total GHG emissions can further significantly reduced (190 gCO 2 /mile). Lifecycle GHG comparison.

Coal

Coal Water Transportation Fuel

MAHLE developing portfolio of solutions for fuel cell drives in commercial vehicles

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 14, 2018

Promising avenues include weight savings and extension of the cruising range in comparison with battery-powered solutions; fuel cell concepts may represent an attractive option for long-distance hauling, which requires heavy loads and large cruising ranges. As a result, the charge air coolers used must be resistant to ionized water.

Commercial

Commercial Fuel Vehicles Water

VW’s 1.0 TSI in the new up! GTI wins International Engine of the Year 2018 award in its category; Euro 6d-TEMP

Green Car Congress

JUNE 6, 2018

Exhaust gas after-treatment paired with innovative features inside the engine enables the GTI engine to meet the new EU 6AG (Euro 6d-TEMP) emission standard. As a comparison point, in 1976, the first Golf GTI delivered 140 N·m at 5,000 rpm.) It also comes with a gasoline particulate filter. The 85 kW / 115 PS 1.0 TSI in the up!

2018

2018 Engine International Exhaust

U Delaware team develops prototype efficient direct ammonia fuel cell for transportation

Green Car Congress

JULY 31, 2019

However, the scale of biofuels is limited by their environmental footprint, considering the land and water usage. Carbon-neutral fuels are needed for sustainable transportation to overcome the range and recharge limitations of batteries and the scale limitations of biofuels. —Zhao et al. Zhao et al. —Zhao et al. Zhao et al.

Delaware

Delaware Transportation Fuel Hydrogen

The Case for Nuclear Cargo Ships

Cars That Think

JANUARY 20, 2024

The shipping industry has been trying to cut its carbon emissions for years, and with little to show for it. Nearly all of the world’s ship fleet still runs on diesel fuel, with about a quarter of new ships on order being built to run on somewhat lower-carbon alternatives like liquefied natural gas, methanol, or hybrid propulsion.

Molten Salt

Molten Salt Mariner South Korea Water

Life cycle study calculates Algenols algae-to-ethanol process can deliver 67% to 87% reduction in carbon footprint compared to gasoline

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 25, 2010

Algenol Biofuels’ Direct to Ethanol technology is based on an intracellular photosynthetic process in cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) that produces ethanol that is excreted through the cell walls, collected from closed photobioreactors as a dilute ethanol-in-water solution, and purified to fuel grade ethanol. MJ/MJEtOH down to 0.20

Carbon

Carbon Gasoline Gas-Electric Gasoline-Electric

Stanford researchers develop copper-based catalyst that produces ethanol from CO at room temperature; potential for closed-loop CO2-to-fuel process

Green Car Congress

APRIL 11, 2014

Researchers at Stanford University have developed a nanocrystalline copper material that produces multi-carbon oxygenates (ethanol, acetate and n-propanol) with up to 57% Faraday efficiency at modest potentials (–0.25?volts volts versus the reversible hydrogen electrode) in CO-saturated alkaline water. volts to –0.5?volts

Fuel

Fuel CO2 Carbon Conversion

U. Mich study: natural-gas-based ICE, BEV and FCV all show promise for environmental benefits relative to conventional ICE

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 19, 2014

Results of a lifecycle analysis by a team at the University of Michigan suggest that multiple types of natural gas-powered vehicles—i.e., Results of a lifecycle analysis by a team at the University of Michigan suggest that multiple types of natural gas-powered vehicles—i.e., —Dai and Lastoskie. Click to enlarge.

Gas

Gas Li-ion Gas-Electric Conversion

Up close and personal with Volkswagen’s e-Golf carbon offset project: Garcia River Forest

Green Car Congress

JUNE 8, 2015

In 2014, Volkswagen of America announced that starting with the launch of the zero-tailpipe emissions battery-electric 2015 e-Golf ( earlier post ), it would invest in projects to offset the carbon emissions created from the e-Golf on a full lifecycle basis: production, distribution and up to approximately 36,000 miles (57,936 km) of driving.

Carbon

Carbon Personal Store Emissions

DOE study on domestic natural gas in the energy supply chain

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 24, 2012

The US’ large resource base of natural gas can be used for cost-effective power generation, with environmental burdens coming primarily from fuel combustion, not resource extraction, according to a new Department of Energy (DOE) study. Historically, the price of natural gas has been volatile.

Gas

Gas Supplies Energy Gas-Electric

GWU team demonstrates one-pot process for optimized synthesis of controlled CNTs from CO2; coupling cement and C2CNT

Green Car Congress

MARCH 27, 2017

Stuart Licht ( earlier post ) have developed a new process that transforms CO 2 into a controlled selection of nanotubes (CNTs) via molten electrolysis; they call the process C2CNT (CO2 into carbon nanotubes). This synthesis consumes only CO 2 and electricity, and is constrained only by the cost of electricity. —Ren et al.

CO2

CO2 Carbon Gas-Electric 2017

Injection of hydrogen into the German gas distribution grid from power-to-gas demo plant

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 4, 2013

ITM Power, with its partners Mainova Aktiengesellschaft and NRM Netzdienste Rhein-Main GmbH, has injected hydrogen into the German gas distribution network from the Thüga Group’s power-to-gas demonstration plant. The electrolyzer supplies the hydrogen-methane mixture at the same pressure as the gas distribution network—3.5

Gas

Gas Hydrogen Grid Power

Comprehensive LCA report from Ricardo on behalf of EC confirms environmental benefits of electrified powertrains

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 2, 2020

The findings from this vehicle LCA study , the production of which was led by Ricardo and funded by the European Commission, DG Climate Action, confirm the significant environmental benefits of electrified powertrains (particularly of battery electric vehicles) for all of the road vehicle types assessed.

Sustainable Transportation

Sustainable Transportation Fuel Renewable Climate

Feature: Going Green on Car Care, Repair and Insurance

Clean Fleet Report

NOVEMBER 12, 2021

If you’re working on increasing fuel efficiency or you already have an alternative fuel vehicle, you can lessen your carbon footprint by taking advantage of green car care, repair and insurance. You may be wondering if electric and hybrid cars are cheap to insure. Electric cars can cut your insurance. Electric Cars.

Green

Green Cars Maintenance Gas-Electric

Induction ovens with big batteries solve lots of problems

Baua Electric

FEBRUARY 29, 2024

Induction stoves are a great, safe way to save on electricity costs and can heat much quicker, safer, and more accurately than natural gas or propane stoves. Because of this, they are more efficient than typical electric resistance stoves and also safer because the surface of the oven doesn’t get very hot. LCD interface.

Batteries

Batteries Battery San Francisco Tax Credit

Proof-of-principle of cost-effective methane cracking technology for H2 production without CO2; 50% cleaner than SMR, comparable to electrolysis

Green Car Congress

NOVEMBER 19, 2015

per kilogram of hydrogen at German natural gas prices—without taking the market value of the solid black carbon byproduct of the process into consideration. The main by-product of methane cracking—solid black carbon—is also an increasingly important industrial commodity.

Cleaner

Cleaner Production Kits CO2

Global Bioenergy Partnership publishes report on 24 sustainability indicators for bioenergy: electricity, heat and transport

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 16, 2012

The report represents the first global, government-level consensus on sustainability indicators for bioenergy and is intended as a resource in helping countries assess and develop sustainable production and use of bioenergy for electricity, heat and transport. Water use and efficiency. Water quality. Soil quality.

Transportation

Transportation Global Water Pollution

Audi testing find e-ethanol and e-diesel produced by Joule often perform better than conventional counterparts

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 3, 2014

Our test shows that as well as electric driving on renewable electricity, there are other concepts that permit long-distance, low-emission driving. Fuel specifications are not publicly available yet, nor are emissions results and comparisons. —Reiner Mangold, Head of Sustainable Product Development at Audi.

Audi

Audi Diesel Fuel New Mexico

DOE awards ~$25M to 8 projects for CO2 capture and compression; $15M for novel Direct Fuel Cell system

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 2, 2015

The US Department of Energy’s (DOE) National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) has selected eight projects to receive almost $25 million in funding to construct small- and large-scale pilots for reducing the cost of CO 2 capture and compression through DOE’s Carbon Capture Program. FuelCell Energy Inc. Source: FuelCell Energy.

Fuel

Fuel Coal CO2 Exhaust

Renault makes public its lifecycle study of Fluence ICE vs Fluence EV

Green Car Congress

JULY 11, 2013

Renault’s comparison of the carbon footprint of EV and ICE vehicles over production, operation and end of life. The publication gives the opportunity for an “apples-to-apples” comparison between the environmental impacts of the two types of powertrains: same manufacturer, same model, same boundary conditions. Click to enlarge.

Li-ion

Li-ion Gasoline-Electric Ozone Diesel

Toyota reports new real-time observation method sets stage for more efficient, durable fuel cell stacks

Green Car Congress

MAY 18, 2015

Bottom: The dotted lines show the coarsening of platinum nanoparticles on top of a carbon carrier. Platinum is an essential catalyst for the electricity-producing chemical reactions occurring between oxygen and hydrogen in fuel cell stacks. The electrons travel to the oxygen cathode, generating electricity to power the motor.

Toyota

Toyota Fuel Hydrogen Carbon

Toyota introduces second-generation Mirai fuel cell electric vehicle as design and technology flagship

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 17, 2020

For 2021, Toyota has fully rebooted the Mirai, originally offered in 2016, as a premium rear-wheel drive sports-luxury fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) with striking design, cutting-edge technology, more engaging driving performance and a significantly longer EPA-estimated range rating.

Toyota

Toyota Design Electric Vehicles Fuel

Separate MIT, IEA reports both outline major expansion in role of natural gas; caution on climate benefits

Green Car Congress

JUNE 10, 2011

World primary energy demand by fuel in the IEA high gas scenario. Separately, the International Energy Agency (IEA) released its own report exploring the potential for a “golden age” of gas. Both reports also emphasized that although natural gas is the lowest carbon fossil fuel, it is still a fossil fuel. Source: IEA.

MIT

MIT Gas Climate Gas-Electric

Ricardo and Univ. of Brighton working on advanced combustion system for heavy-duty vehicles; CoolR features recuperated split-cycle with isothermal compression using cryogenic injection

Green Car Congress

JUNE 23, 2011

The recuperated engine uses isothermal compression via cryogenic injection to enable significant exhaust to compressed gas heat transfer. Ricardo and the University of Brighton will model and evaluate an advanced split-cycle combustion system aimed at substantially reducing the carbon emissions of heavy-duty vehicles. Click to enlarge.

Exhaust

Exhaust Concept Vehicles Engine

Oil sands GHG lifecycle study using operating data finds lower emitting oil sands cases outperform higher emitting conventional crude cases; a call for more sophisticated tools and reporting

Green Car Congress

JULY 7, 2012

Well-to-wheel (WTW) greenhouse gas emissions for in situ SAGD and surface mining pathways generated employing GHOST/TIAX/ GHGenius combination and comparison with SAGD, mining and conventional crude oil literature pathways (all results are on a HHV basis). The diluent used in the dilbit can be natural gas condensate or naphtha.

Oil-Sands

Oil-Sands Oil Gas-Electric Emissions

KPMG study identifies 10 sustainability “megaforces” with accelerating impacts on business; imperative of sustainability changing the automotive business radically

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 15, 2012

The KPMG study, “Expect the Unexpected: Building Business Value in a Changing World”, explores issues such as climate change, energy and fuel volatility, water availability and cost and resource availability, as well as population growth spawning new urban centers. Population Growth: The world population is expected to grow to 8.4

Climate Change

Climate Change Water Climate Global

Researchers Propose Solar-Driven Biomass Gasification Pathway for Synthetic Fuel Production

Green Car Congress

MAY 1, 2009

Hydrogen for reverse water gas shift reaction to avoid producing CO 2 during the process is produced by electrolyzing water, driven by solar power. For comparison, they also modeled the production of methanol using only biomass as a fuel and also using coal as source of both carbon and energy.

Solar

Solar Molten Salt Fuel Production

U Calgary study finds oil shale most energy intensive upgraded fuel followed by in-situ-produced bitumen from oil sands

Green Car Congress

JULY 10, 2015

A team at the University of Calgary (Canada) has compared the energy intensities and lifecycle GHG emissions of unconventional oils (oil sands and oil shale) alongside shale gas, coal, lignite, wood and conventional oil and gas. How does this relate to the life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions intensity? Click to enlarge.

Oil-Sands

Oil-Sands Oil Energy Fuel

3 Reasons an Electric Vehicle is the Perfect Present

EV Match

DECEMBER 22, 2020

So if you’re finding yourself persuaded to buy a car this holiday season, let it be electric. Here are three reasons why your next car should be an electric vehicle (EV). Car and Driver ‘s comparison did factor in the $7,500 federal tax credit, but it didn’t consider state, utility, and local credits and incentives.

Electric Vehicles

Electric Vehicles F-150 Tax Credit Vehicles

XL1 dive and drive: Volkswagen aggressively optimizes for efficiency in its sleek diesel plug-in hybrid

Green Car Congress

JUNE 24, 2013

The XL1 is aggressively optimized for efficiency in all areas of its design and technology—from materials (carbon fiber reinforced polymer monocoque); to powertrain (0.8L two-cylinder diesel, 20 kW electric motor and 5.5 In all-electric mode, the XL1 requires less than 0.1 kWh to cover more than 0.6 Click to enlarge.

Plug-in

Plug-in Diesel Plug Hybrid

Virginia Tech professor proposes simple biomass-to-wheel efficiency analysis to inform decisions on biomass/biofuel/powertrain combinations; the advantage of sugar fuel cell vehicles

Green Car Congress

JULY 15, 2011

Comparison of biomass-to-wheel (BTW) efficiency for different biomass utilization scenarios. Sugar Fuel Cell Vehicles and BEVs charged with electricity from a fuel cell (green bars) were the most efficient. Huang and Zhang. Click to enlarge. Among the findings: The current corn ethanol/ICE scenario has η BTW value of ~7%—i.e.,

Virginia

Virginia Fuel Hydrogen Gas-Electric

Figuring Out Semiconductor Manufacturing's Climate Footprint

Cars That Think

FEBRUARY 9, 2024

Governments and the industry itself are starting to worry what this expansion might mean for chip-making’s carbon footprint and its sustainability generally. Moore: So let’s start with, just how big is the carbon footprint of the semiconductor industry? For instance, the extraction of coal for electricity production.

Climate

Climate Manufacturer Emissions Industrial

The Dirty Truth of Petrol & Diesel Vehicles

Plug In India

NOVEMBER 4, 2021

By PluginIndia In this article and video, we show the real truth on how Petrol and Diesel vehicles cause far more air pollution compared to electric vehicles. Pumpjacks don’t run by themselves, in most cases they use electricity. It takes on average 9,960 kilowatt hours of electricity every month to drive one pumpjack.

Petrol

Petrol Diesel Vehicles Oil

Review finds encouraging progress in electrochemical reduction of CO2 to organic compounds; substantial advances in catalysts, electrolytes and reactors still required

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 7, 2010

The electrochemical reduction of CO 2 can produce several products, including formic acid, carbon monoxide, methane, ethylene, and methanol. The key requirement, of course, is that the electricity used to convert the CO 2. The key requirement, of course, is that the electricity used to convert the CO 2. Click to enlarge.

Conversion

Conversion CO2 Hydrogen Carbon

Full lifecycle CO2 of new Mercedes C-Class 10% less than outgoing model

Green Car Congress

MARCH 31, 2014

CO 2 emissions of the C 180 in comparison to its predecessor [t/car]. In terms of carbon monoxide (CO) emissions during the operation of the vehicle, a significant improvement was achieved over the 2007 predecessor. Natural gas and crude oil are strongly influenced by fuel consumption during the use phase. Source: Mercedes-Benz.

Mercedes

Mercedes CO2 2007 MPG

Underground Coal Gasification Company In Partnership to Test Alkaline Fuel Cells for Power Generation

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 9, 2009

Testing of the Alpha Fuel Cell System will involve Linc Energy using a simple membrane gas separation process upon the UCG gas to ensure a satisfactory hydrogen mix feed gas is available for the Alpha System Fuel Cell. Linc Energy anticipates commencing testing of the system at Chinchilla by mid April 2010.

Coal

Coal Companies Power Powered

NREL report estimates gasoline produced from biomass could cost about the same as ethanol

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 12, 2011

In comparison, based on analysis work completed at NREL, the predicted PGP for ethanol produced via the thermochemical and biochemical pathways are $1.57 Very broadly, the biomass-to-gasoline (BTG) process assessed in the NREL report gasifies biomass to produce a syngas rich in hydrogen and carbon monoxide. Gas Cleanup & Conditioning.

Gasoline

Gasoline Gasoline-Electric Gas-Electric Convert

Berkeley researchers propose salted biomass as scalable, economical and stable carbon capture and storage solution

SGL Carbon produces prototypes of fully integrated composite battery enclosures for NIO; battery swapping

Sandia team puts power into local grid with supercritical CO2 closed-loop Brayton-cycle turbine

Siemens Energy secures 50 MW electrolyzer order from European Energy for first large-scale eMethanol project

Honda to advance fuel cell system as core of its hydrogen business; expansion to other areas; new FCEV in 2024

Geely invests in Carbon Recycling Intl.; vehicles fueled by methanol from CO2, water and renewable energy

U Toronto and Fujitsu team use quantum-inspired computing to discover improved catalyst for hydrogen production

SRI developing process for co-gasification of methane and coal to produce liquid transportation fuels; negligible water consumption, no CO2

MAHLE developing portfolio of solutions for fuel cell drives in commercial vehicles

VW’s 1.0 TSI in the new up! GTI wins International Engine of the Year 2018 award in its category; Euro 6d-TEMP

U Delaware team develops prototype efficient direct ammonia fuel cell for transportation

The Case for Nuclear Cargo Ships

Life cycle study calculates Algenols algae-to-ethanol process can deliver 67% to 87% reduction in carbon footprint compared to gasoline

Stanford researchers develop copper-based catalyst that produces ethanol from CO at room temperature; potential for closed-loop CO2-to-fuel process

U. Mich study: natural-gas-based ICE, BEV and FCV all show promise for environmental benefits relative to conventional ICE

Up close and personal with Volkswagen’s e-Golf carbon offset project: Garcia River Forest

DOE study on domestic natural gas in the energy supply chain

GWU team demonstrates one-pot process for optimized synthesis of controlled CNTs from CO2; coupling cement and C2CNT

Injection of hydrogen into the German gas distribution grid from power-to-gas demo plant

Comprehensive LCA report from Ricardo on behalf of EC confirms environmental benefits of electrified powertrains

Feature: Going Green on Car Care, Repair and Insurance

Induction ovens with big batteries solve lots of problems

Proof-of-principle of cost-effective methane cracking technology for H2 production without CO2; 50% cleaner than SMR, comparable to electrolysis

Global Bioenergy Partnership publishes report on 24 sustainability indicators for bioenergy: electricity, heat and transport

Audi testing find e-ethanol and e-diesel produced by Joule often perform better than conventional counterparts

DOE awards ~$25M to 8 projects for CO2 capture and compression; $15M for novel Direct Fuel Cell system

Renault makes public its lifecycle study of Fluence ICE vs Fluence EV

Toyota reports new real-time observation method sets stage for more efficient, durable fuel cell stacks

Toyota introduces second-generation Mirai fuel cell electric vehicle as design and technology flagship

Separate MIT, IEA reports both outline major expansion in role of natural gas; caution on climate benefits

Ricardo and Univ. of Brighton working on advanced combustion system for heavy-duty vehicles; CoolR features recuperated split-cycle with isothermal compression using cryogenic injection

Oil sands GHG lifecycle study using operating data finds lower emitting oil sands cases outperform higher emitting conventional crude cases; a call for more sophisticated tools and reporting

KPMG study identifies 10 sustainability “megaforces” with accelerating impacts on business; imperative of sustainability changing the automotive business radically

Researchers Propose Solar-Driven Biomass Gasification Pathway for Synthetic Fuel Production

U Calgary study finds oil shale most energy intensive upgraded fuel followed by in-situ-produced bitumen from oil sands

3 Reasons an Electric Vehicle is the Perfect Present

XL1 dive and drive: Volkswagen aggressively optimizes for efficiency in its sleek diesel plug-in hybrid

Virginia Tech professor proposes simple biomass-to-wheel efficiency analysis to inform decisions on biomass/biofuel/powertrain combinations; the advantage of sugar fuel cell vehicles

Figuring Out Semiconductor Manufacturing's Climate Footprint

The Dirty Truth of Petrol & Diesel Vehicles

Review finds encouraging progress in electrochemical reduction of CO2 to organic compounds; substantial advances in catalysts, electrolytes and reactors still required

Full lifecycle CO2 of new Mercedes C-Class 10% less than outgoing model

Underground Coal Gasification Company In Partnership to Test Alkaline Fuel Cells for Power Generation

NREL report estimates gasoline produced from biomass could cost about the same as ethanol

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